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‘근면한 남반구’를 위한 국제개발지식의 조건: 한국의 탈식민적 국제개발 지식 재구성을 위하여

For the ‘Diligent yet Impoverished Global South’: Post-Colonial Reconstruction of Korean International Development Study

이유철
한국아시아학회 (The Korean Association Of Asian Studies(Kaas))|2024.11|아시아연구 (The Journal of Asian Studies)|제27권 제4호|pp. 37-58|DOI 10.21740/jas.2024.11.30.2.37

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탈식민주의Global South글로벌 사우스남남협력Post-ColonialismSouth-South Cooperation한국발전모델비판적 국제개발연구Critical International Development StudiesKorean Development Model
주제분류지역학

초록

본고는 국제개발연구 권력성과 서구중심성에 대한 비판을 통해 탈식민 비판적 국제개발연구의 가능성을 가늠해 보는데 그 목적이 있다. 특히, 한국의 사례를 살펴보며, 국제개발 지식의 편향성과 서구중심성의 재생산에 대해 비판적으로 검토하고, 한국의 탈식민 비판적 국제개발학을 위한 비판적 논의를 전개해 보았다. 그 동안 유럽 국제사회의 팽창과 함께 서구와 ‘나머지(the rest)’가 문명과 야만으로 구분했듯이, 이러한 우월적 관계는 종전 이후에도 이어진다. 선진국과 후진국 혹은 “개발”을 매개로 한 공여국과 수혜국으로 구분되어 서구-나머지 간 수탈적 관계에 놓여 있다. 이의 대안으로서 남남협력이 모색되고 있으나 여러 한계를 마주하고 있다. 애초에 한국은 빈곤과 식민지배라는 남남관계에서의 동질성과 개발의 성공 가능성을 어필하며 개발협력의사업을 확대시켜 왔다. 그러나 동질성과 개발 성공모델은 오히려 서구에 의해 구축된 국제체제의 작동을 자연스럽게 확산시키고, 예외적 성과를 통해 민족주의적 우월성을 갖게 하였으며, 더불어 국가 주도의 지식공유사업 등에서는 한국의 국제개발협력의 정치화와 지식의 빈곤함으로 이어졌다. 남반구의 정치적, 경제적 부상에도 불구하고 남남협력의 실패사례가 늘어나며 이에 대한 저항도 커져 나가는 상황에서 한국의 국제개발연구는 비판적 성찰이 요구되고 있다. 이를 위한 중요한 가치로서 탈식민주의와 지배적 국제질서에 대한 비판적 재구성의 필요성이 요구된다.

Abstract

The purpose of this paper is to explore the potential of postcolonial critical international development studies by critiquing the power dynamics and Eurocentrism inherent in international development research. Through an examination of the South Korean case, this study critically reviews the biases and reproduction of Eurocentrism in international development knowledge and engages in a critical discourse on postcolonial critical international development studies within the Korean context. Historically, with the expansion of European international society, a dichotomy between civilization and barbarism was established, distinguishing the West from "the rest." This hierarchical relationship has persisted even after the end of colonialism, manifesting in the division between developed and underdeveloped countries, or donor and recipient nations, mediated through the concept of "development." Although South-South cooperation has been proposed as an alternative, it faces numerous limitations. Initially, South Korea expanded its development cooperation initiatives by emphasizing its shared experiences of poverty and colonialism with other countries in the Global South and its potential for successful development. However, the emphasis on homogeneity and the successful development model has, paradoxically, facilitated the natural dissemination of the international system established by the West. This has conferred a sense of nationalistic superiority through exceptional achievements and led to the politicization and impoverishment of knowledge in South Korea's state-led knowledge-sharing projects. Despite the political and economic rise of the Global South, the increasing number of failures in South-South cooperation and the growing resistance against these failures underscore the need for critical reflection in South Korea's international development research. This necessitates the adoption of postcolonialism and the critical reconstruction of the dominant international order as essential values for meaningful discourse.

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