社會科學과 歷史學의 統合 可能性 : 中範圍理論의 構築과 그 適用
A Possibility of Integrating Social Sciences and History: Focused on a Formation of Middle-range Theory and its Application
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사회과학자와 역사연구자 간에는 인식론적 또는 방법론적으로 메워지지 않는 간격이 존재하며, 양자의 화해는 도저히 불가능하다는 것이 일반적인 이해이다. 그러나 본 연구에서는 그러한 간격을 메우기 위한 조건과 방법을 제시하고, 양자의 융합기능성을 모색 하였다. 즉 사회과학에서는 이슈나 시대 및 지역에 한정되지 않는 포괄이론의 형성은 거의 불가능하다. 우선, 이론이 사회 그 자체에 영향을 미치는 세 가지 가능성, 즉 ① ‘예언의 자기부정성’, ② ‘예언의 자기실현성’, 그리고 ③ ‘이론의 현상소실성’을 검토하여 보았다. 그 결과, 왜 포괄이론의 구축이 불가능한가가 분명하게 되었다. 이상의 논의에서 도출된 것은 역사분석으로부터 이론을 형성하기 위해서는 역사적 실증분석의 질을 보전하면서, 어떤 한정된 범위 내에서만 통용되는 이론인 ‘중범위이론’의 구축을 마땅히 지향하여야 한다는 점이었다. 그래서 이슈･시간･공간의 한정을 부가할 필요성이 논의된 것이다. 특히 마지막의 공간의 한정에 대해선 하나의 국가에 의한 정책, 하나의 집단･조직의 행동, 혹은 하나의 국가간관계로 초점을 좁힐 것을 제언하였다. 그러나 이 경우, 문제가 없는 것은 아니다. 한편, 본 연구에서는 중범위이론의 구축 과정의 적용을 고찰하기 위해 Weber관료제론을 이론적 사례로 채택하였다. 이는 필자의 전문분야이기도 하다. 물론, 중범위이론의 핵심 개념인 이슈･시간 및 공간의 제한적 관점에서 분석하였다. 또 공간의 한정에서는 비서구 관료제의 여러 특징을 고찰하여 역설적으로 Weber관료제의 특징을 비교･유추하도록 유도 하였다. 끝으로 이 중범위이론의 방법은 관료제만이 아니라 기업조직이나 국제기관 등의 다른 조직분석에서도 유용하다고 생각한다.
Abstract
How can a single scholarly work be labeled both as “history” and “social science”? In other words, is there a method integrating these two different disciplines into one? Conventional wisdom tends to be accept the view that the two disciplines can never be integrated, since epistemological and methodological differences exist, dividing social scientists and historians. However, shown in this study, I argued that we could theorize the integration of social science and history if we followed some rules and methods. That is, in social sciences it is almost impossible to form a comprehensive theory that is not limited to issues or to times and regions. First, we looked at three possibilities that theory might influence the society itself. In other words, ① ‘self-denying prophecies or self-defeating predictions’, ② ‘self-fulfilling prophecies’, and ③ ‘extinguishment of phenomenon by theory’ looked like that. As a result, it became clear why comprehensive theory is impossible to build. What is drawn from the above discussion is to preserve the quality of historical empirical analysis in order to form a theory in historical analysis. And it was imperative to pursue the establishment of ‘middle-range theory’, a theory that would only work within a limited scope. So, it is necessary to discuss the limited rage of issue, time, and space. In particular, it is recommended to narrow the focus on the problematic space for the limitations of the last space. Examples include policies by one country, behaviors by one group. organization, or one relation between countries. But in this case, it is not without problems. Meanwhile, this study employed Max Weber bureaucracy as a theoretical case to consider the application of the establishment process of the middle-range theory. It is also my specialty. Of course, Weber’s bureaucracy was analyzed using the core concepts of the middle-range theory, limitations of issues, limitations of time and limitations of space. And in the space’s limitations, it is ironic that the features of the non-West bureaucracy are compared by reviewing them. I was asked to make an analogy. Finally, I think this method of the middle-range theory is useful not only for Weber’s bureaucracy but for analyzing other organizations, in cluding businesses and international institutions.
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