Metal Oxide-based Electrochemical Non-enzymatic Glucose Biosensors: A Mini-Review
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Electrochemical glucose-sensing devices have advanced significantly in recent years, driven by the rising prevalenceof diabetes mellitus, which is projected to become the seventh leading cause of death by 2030. The surge in the numberof diabetes cases has accelerated the development of high-sensitivity and high-selectivity glucose biosensors. Traditional enzymaticglucose biosensors based on glucose oxidase or glucose dehydrogenase have evolved over multiple generations to overcomechallenges, such as oxygen dependence, mediator toxicity, and enzyme instability. The latest fourth-generation glucosebiosensors utilize metal-oxide-based catalysts instead of biological enzymes, offering enhanced stability, sensitivity, and costeffectiveness. Nanoparticles (NPs) of metal oxides such as NiO, CuO, and Co3O4 exhibit high electrocatalytic activity and redoxstability, making them promising materials for non-enzymatic glucose sensing. This review explores the recent advancementsin metal oxide-based non-enzymatic glucose biosensors, particularly those employing NiO, CuO, and Co3O4 NPs, with a focuson electrocatalytic mechanisms, material innovations, and sensor fabrication strategies. Additionally, it highlights the currentlimitations and challenges of metal oxide-based glucose biosensors, while examining their potential applications in continuousglucose monitoring and wearable biosensors.
Abstract
Electrochemical glucose-sensing devices have advanced significantly in recent years, driven by the rising prevalenceof diabetes mellitus, which is projected to become the seventh leading cause of death by 2030. The surge in the numberof diabetes cases has accelerated the development of high-sensitivity and high-selectivity glucose biosensors. Traditional enzymaticglucose biosensors based on glucose oxidase or glucose dehydrogenase have evolved over multiple generations to overcomechallenges, such as oxygen dependence, mediator toxicity, and enzyme instability. The latest fourth-generation glucosebiosensors utilize metal-oxide-based catalysts instead of biological enzymes, offering enhanced stability, sensitivity, and costeffectiveness. Nanoparticles (NPs) of metal oxides such as NiO, CuO, and Co3O4 exhibit high electrocatalytic activity and redoxstability, making them promising materials for non-enzymatic glucose sensing. This review explores the recent advancementsin metal oxide-based non-enzymatic glucose biosensors, particularly those employing NiO, CuO, and Co3O4 NPs, with a focuson electrocatalytic mechanisms, material innovations, and sensor fabrication strategies. Additionally, it highlights the currentlimitations and challenges of metal oxide-based glucose biosensors, while examining their potential applications in continuousglucose monitoring and wearable biosensors.