미국 헌법에 나타난 행정관료 제한규범
Constitutional Constraints on the Public Administrators in the Light of the U.S. Constitution
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초록
민주주의라는 정치체제가 정부의 정책활동과 공공서비스를 증진시키는데 일차적 역할을 담당하였으나 이 과정에서 효율적이고 효과적이며 경제적인 행정 운용이라는 관료주의의 행정가치는 헌법에서 보장하고 있는 개인의 권리라는 또 다른 행정가치와 상호모순 된다. 본 논문에서는 민주주의와 관료주의간 존재하는 갈등의 균형유지 과정에서 나타난 미국 행정관료의 권한을 규제하는 제도적 장치를 검토하고 행정과정에서 헌법에서 보장하는 시민 개개인의 권리를 침해하지 않기 위해 제시된 헌법적 제한을 고찰 한다. 연구결과는 첫째, 행정관료는 행정과정에서 헌법에서 보장하고 있는 개인의 권리를 침해해서는 안 되며 만약 침해가 발생한 경우 개인적으로 법적 책임을 져야 하고 이에 대한 비용도 개인이 지불하여야 한다. 둘째, 미국의 경우, 법원은 효율성, 효과성, 경제성 등의 가치(hard values)보다는 헌법에 명시되어있는 개인적 권리, 평등권, 적법한 절차 등의 가치(soft values)를 더 선호하고 특별한 경우가 아니고는hard values가 개인의 권리를 침해하는 것을 정당화하지 않는다. 마지막으로, 헌법에 나타는 제한규범들을 숙지하여 개인의 헌법적 권리를 중시하면서 동시에 효율적이고 효과적이며 경제적인 행정 운용이라는, Waldo가 주장한 바와 같이, 민주주의와 관료주의 간에 최적의 혼합(optimal mix)을 이루어 내는것이 오늘날 행정 관료들에게 주어진 주요한 과제이며 도전이다.
Abstract
Since the modern state regime has appeared in the scene of human history, anti-bureaucratic sense among general citizens has grown along with the settlement of the modern states. Furthermore, the fear that government bureaucracy is too powerful and almost out of control,has probably never been strong as it is today. Bureaucratic elements, characterized as large-scaled, formal, complex, task-specialized, and goal-oriented by Dwight Waldo, are present in every modern mega-scale organization, public or private, the dural conflicting imperative of being efficient and effective as well as protective on individual constitutional rights place the great burden upon public administrators in the bureaucracy. Just as administration has helped to create civilization and civilization has in turn helped administration increase its power and versatility, administrative values have facilitated negative sides of bureaucracy as inappropriate, repressive, rigid, dangerous, obsolete. While governmental activities and public services that democracy seeks from the government have been increasing and expanded, complications and restraints in and surrounding public administration and administrators do make their efficient, effective, and economic operation difficult. As Waldo argued, achievement of the optimal mixture of democracy and bureaucracy is the major challenge of today's public administrators. This paper examines a system of restraints controlling the power of public administrators and bureaucracy and discusses constitutional restraints on public administration.
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