플랫폼 노동의 특성에 대한 주관성 연구: 음식배달 플랫폼을 중심으로
A Study on Subjectives of the Characteristics of Platform Labor: Focus on the Food Delivery Platform
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초록
디지털 플랫폼의 성장과 함께 플랫폼 노동이 새로운 형태의 직업으로 등장하고 있다. 본 연구는 플랫폼 노동의 특성에 대한 주관적인 인식의 차이를 Q방법론을 활용하여 밝혔다. Q 진술문은 연구문헌 등에 나타난 플랫폼 노동의 특성 및 플랫폼 노동연대 가능성에 관한 긍정/부정적 인식유형을 활용해 28개를 도출하였다. 한국의 음식배달 플랫폼 노동자와 일반 소비자를 대상으로 Q 분석을 수행한 결과, ‘노동연대가 불필요한 유토피아’, ‘노동연대가 불가능한 디스토피아’, ‘노동연대로 만들어갈 유토피아’ 등 세가지 유형이 나타났다. 소비자는 플랫폼을 자유롭고 평등한 유토피아로 인식하고 플랫폼 노동연대의 필요성에 대해 부정적인 입장을 취하였다. 플랫폼 노동자는 플랫폼의 노동통제 등 부정적 측면을 인식하는 경우 노동연대 가능성도 부정적으로 이해하였다. 반면 플랫폼에서의 노동 환경을 긍정적으로 인식하는 노동자는 노동연대 가능성을 적극적으로 옹호하는 경향을 보였다. 이를 통해 향후 플랫폼 노동자ㆍ정부ㆍ시민단체 등이 주도하는 플랫폼 노동연대가 플랫폼을 견제할 필요가 있음을 제시하였다.
Abstract
With the growth of digital platforms, platform labor is emerging as a new type of job. This study reveals the difference in subjective perception on the characteristics of platform labor using Q methodology. In this study, 28 Q statements were derived by using previous research literature on positive and negative perceptions about the possibility of platform labor solidarity and types of platform labor characteristics. Data analysis on the Q-sort results by Korean food delivery platform workers and general consumers identified three types of perceptions: ‘Utopia without labor solidarity’, ‘Dystopia where labor solidarity is impossible’, and ‘Utopia to be made by labor solidarity’. Consumers perceived the platform as a free and egalitarian utopia and took a negative stance on the need for platform labor solidarity. Platform workers also negatively understood the possibility of labor solidarity when they perceived negative aspects such as labor control of the platform. On the other hand, workers who positively perceived the working environment on the platform showed a tendency to actively advocate the possibility of labor solidarity. Through this study, we argue that the platform labor solidarities led by platform workers, the government, and civic groups need to keep in check the platform in the future.
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