선불교의 수행·깨달음에 나타난 비선형적 특징에 대한 고찰- 곽암의 십우도(十牛圖)와 숭산행원의 선원(禪圓) 개념을 중심으로

Abstract

The structure of non-linear reasoning shows that the cause and effect function not mechanistically but in an emergent and complex way so that the sum of part(s) and part(s) is bigger than the total amount. The practice and enlightenment of Zen Buddhism basically reflect the characteristics of a complexity system. The relationship between the practice and enlightenment of Zen Buddhism from Kao-an’s Drawings of the Ten Bulls also shows the non-linear characteristics of a complexity system. The stages of Drawings of the Ten Bulls such as The Search for the Bull(尋牛), Discovering the Footprints(見跡) and The First Sight of the Bull(見牛) do not abstain as an abstraction of immutable reality, but they play a role in making boundaries and connections between each other. It is possible because the university before us is moving through the non-linear cause and effect of a complexity system. The reality of our lives by the non-linear cause and effect like an Indra’s net, in fact, is a dharma realm of inter-dependence and true emptiness(眞空). Seung Shan’s Zen Circle attaches importance to give intrinsic insight into a non-linear complexity system through the method of “Only Don’t Know.” The Zen Circle shows that 0 degrees and 360 degrees, or the state of distinction and the ultimate state, are not different from each other. It does not tell that sentient beings should become buddhas, but it is to emphasize the enlightenment of no difference between sentient beings and buddhas. This means that his Zen Circle, like Drawings of the Ten Bulls, has characteristics of non-linear non-boundaries, so every boundary in everyday life becomes the door to enlightenment or non-boundaries. Particularly, the boundaries of 0 degrees, 90 degrees, 180 degrees, 270 degrees and 360 degrees in the Zen Circle do not explain the real ontological world but show the relationship between practice and enlightenment, kleshas and bodhi, and sentient beings and Buddha in a holistic and integrated approach.