지각적 부담과 범주 별 희석이 시각 탐색에 미치는 영향
The Effects of Perceptual Load and Category-Specific Dilution on Visual Search
0
조회
0
다운로드
2
인용
0
참고문헌
키워드
초록
선택적 정보처리에 관한 지각적 부담 가설과 희석 가설을 비교하기 위해 세 개의 실험을 실시하였다. 지각적 부담 가설은 행동 목표에 부합하는 과제의 지각적 부담이 적을수록 불필요한 정보가 더 깊이 처리될 수 있다고 보는 반면, 희석 가설은 지각적 부담에 관계없이 제한된 주의 자원에 대한 경쟁에 의해 정보 선택 여부가 결정된다고 본다. 두 가설을 비교하기 위하여 표적 탐색의 지각적 부담이 방해자극의 반응 간섭에 미치는 영향을 측정하였다. 실험 1과 2에서는 탐색 배열을 구성하는 비표적자극의 개수와 색깔을 각각 조절하여 시각탐색의 지각적 부담을 조작하였다. 그 결과 방해자극의 간섭은 지각적 부담에 상관없이 비표적자극이 많을수록 감소하였다. 실험 3에서는 비표적자극의 역할을 규명하기 위해 비표적자극과 방해자극의 지각적 범주를 같거나 다르게 제시하였다. 그 결과 지각적 범주가 같을 때에만 방해자극의 간섭이 감소하였다. 전반적으로 본 연구의 결과는 지각적 부담 가설보다는 희석 가설과 일치하며, 더 나아가 시각 정보의 선택이 지각적 범주 별로 특화된 주의 자원의 제약을 받는다는 증거를 제공한다.
Abstract
hree experiments compared two hypotheses on visual selection; perceptual load hypothesis and dilution hypothesis. The perceptual load hypothesis predicts that perceptual load of task-relevant processing determines the level of task-irrelevant processing whereas the dilution hypothesis predicts that competition for limited-capacity attentional resource, not perceptual load, determines the locus of selection. To compare the two hypotheses, we investigated the influence of perceptual load in visual search on response interference by a distractor. Experiment 1 and 2 manipulated perceptual load by the set size of a search array and the colors of a target and non-targets, respectively. As a result, distractor interference decreased with a set size regardless of perceptual load. In order to further test the set size effect, Experiment 3 manipulated the perceptual categories of non-targets and a distractor. The results showed that distractor interference decreased only when non-targets belonged to the same category as a distractor. Overall, the current findings support the dilution hypothesis, but not the perceptual load hypothesis, and provide the evidence that visual selection is constrained by capacity-limited, category-specific attentional resources.
참고문헌 (32)
- Broadbent, D. E., "Perception and Communication" (1958), Pergamon Press
- Treisman, A, "Strategies and models of selective attention", Psychological Review, 76, pp.282~299 (1969)
- Deutsch, J. A., "Attention: Some theoretical considerations", Psychological Review, 70, pp.80~90 (1963)
- Duncan, J., "The locus of interference in the perception of simultaneous stimuli", Psychological Review, 87, pp.272~300 (1980)
- Lavie, N., "Perceptual load as a necessary condition for selective attention", Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 21, pp.451~468 (1995)
- Lavie, N., "Perceptual load as a major determinant of the locus of selection in visual attention", Perception and Psychophysics, 56, pp.183~197 (1994)
- Lavie, N., "On the efficiency of visual selective attention: Efficient Visual Search Leads to Inefficient Distractor Rejection", Psychological Science, 8, pp.395~398 (1997)
- Jiang, Y., "Selective attention modulates implicit learning", Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology A, 54A, pp.1105~1124 (2001)
- Pessoa, L., "Neural processing of emotional faces requires attention", Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 통권 : 99, pp.11458~11463 (2002)
- Rees, G., "Modulating irrelevant motion perception by varying attentional load in an unrelated task", Science, 278, pp.1616~1619 (1997)
- Yi, D.-J., "Neural fate of ignored stimuli: dissociable effects of perceptual and working memory load", Nature Neuroscience, 7, pp.992~996 (2004)
- Eltiti, S., "Selective target processing: perceptual load or distractor salience?", Perception and Psychophysics, 67, pp.876~885 (2005)
- Johnson, D. N., "Cuing interacts with perceptual load in visual search", Psychological Science, 13, pp.284~287 (2002)
- Paquet, L., "Evidence for selective target processing with a low perceptual load flankers task", Memory and Cognition, 25, pp.182~189 (1997)
- Theeuwes, J., "Attentional set interacts with perceptual load in visual search", Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 11, pp.697~702 (2004)
- Benoni, H., "Diluting the burden of load: Perceptual load effects are simply dilution effects", Journal of Vision, 9, pp.228a~ (2009)
- Beck, D. M., "Look here but ignore what you see: effects of distractors at fixation", Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 31, pp.592~607 (2005)
- Kumada, T., "Early selection induced by perceptual load in a patient with frontal lobe damage: External vs. internal modulation of processing control", Cognitive Neuropsychology, 19, pp.49~65 (2002)
- Lavie, N., "The role of perceptual load in negative priming", Journal of Experimental Psychology-Human Perception and Performance, 26, pp.1038~1052 (2000)
- Eriksen, C. W., "Temporal and spatial characteristics of selective encoding from visual displays", Perception and Psychophysics, 12, pp.201~204 (1972)
- Yantis, S., "On the locus of visual selection: Evidence from focused attention tasks", Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 16, pp.135~149 (1990)
- Brown, T. L., "Automaticity and word perception: evidence from Stroop and Stroop dilution effects", Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 21, pp.1395~1411 (1995)
- Cho, Y. S., "Stroop dilution depends on the nature of the color carrier but not on its location", Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 32, pp.826~839 (2006)
- Kahneman, D., "Tests of the automaticity of reading: dilution of Stroop effects by color-irrelevant stimuli", Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 9, pp.497~509 (1983)
- Roberts, M. A., "Stroop dilution revisited: evidence for domain-specific, limited-capacity processing", Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 31, pp.3~13 (2005)
- Kahneman, D., "Attention and effort" (1973), Prentice Hall
- Desimone, R., "Neural Mechanisms of Selective Visual-Attention", Annual Review of Neuroscience, 18, pp.193~222 (1995)
- Brown, M. S., "Semantic processing in visual word recognition: activation blocking and domain specificity", Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 8, pp.778~784 (2001)
- Anderson, S. W., "Troubled letters but not numbers. Domain specific cognitive impairments following focal damage in frontal cortex", Brain, 113, pp.749~766 (1990)
- Cipolotti, L., "impairment in manipulating Arabic numerals", Cortex, 31, pp.73~86 (1995)
- Jenkins, R., "Ignoring famous faces: Category-specific dilution of distractor interference", Perception and Psychophysics, 65, pp.298~309 (2003)
- Mitterer, H., "Stroop dilution but not word-processing dilution: evidence for attention capture", Psychological Research, 67, pp.30~42 (2003)