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시각적 단기기억 부담이 주의선택에 미치는 영향

The Effects of Visual Short-Term Memory Load on Attentional Selection

이도준|이혁수
한국인지및생물심리학회 (Korean Society For Cognitive and Biological Psychology)|2023.01|한국심리학회지: 인지 및 생물 (Korean Journal of Cognitive and Biological Psychology)|제35권 제1호|pp. 41-55|DOI 10.22172/cogbio.2023.35.1.004

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키워드

작업기억working memory시각적 단기기억주의선택플랭커 간섭지각부담attentional selectionvisual short-term memoryflanker interferenceperceptual load
주제분류심리과학

초록

시각적 단기기억(visual short-term memory, VSTM)이 주의선택에 미치는 영향에 관해 선행연구들은 일관되지 않은 결과를 보고하였다. 일부 연구에서는 VSTM이 많은 정보를 유지하는 동안에 주의선택이 강화되었지만, 다른 연구에서는 비슷한 절차를 사용했음에도 불구하고 VSTM 부담이 주의선택을 약화시켰다. 이에, 본 연구는 재현실험을 통해 선행연구의 모순된 결과를 확인하고 주의선택의 조절 요인으로서 VSTM 부담의 역할을 검토하고자 하였다. 실험 1~3에서 참가자는 변화탐지를 위해 물체의 색과 위치를 VSTM에 유지하는 동안 플랭커 과제를 수행하였다. 그러나 자극 배열, 조건 순서, 기억항목 개수에 상관없이, VSTM 부담이 플랭커 간섭을 조절한다는 증거를 찾을 수 없었다. 실험 4는 플랭커 간섭을 감소시키는 지각부담 효과를 확인함으로써 실험 1~3의 주의선택 측정이 민감하지 않았을 가능성을 배재하였다. 실험 5는 VSTM 기억항목과 플랭커의 공간적 관계를 조작하였다. 그 결과, 기억항목과 플랭커가 서로 반대 화면에 제시되면 VSTM 부담에 의해 플랭커 간섭이 증가했지만, 두 자극의 위치가 중첩되면 VSTM 부담이 플랭커 간섭을 영향을 끼지지 않았다. 개인차 상관 분석에서 개인별 VSTM 용량과 플랭커 간섭 변화량은 의미있는 상관을 보이지 않았고, 동등성 검사는 VSTM 부담이 플랭커 간섭에 끼친 영향은 무시할만한 수준임을 확인하였다. 종합적으로 본 연구는 VSTM 부담이 주의선택을 조절한다는 주장에 대해 회의적인 증거를 제공하며, 작업기억과 시각적 주의의 다양한 관계를 기술할 수 있는 새로운 모델의 필요성을 제기한다.

Abstract

Inconsistent evidence has been reported regarding the role of visual short-term memory (VSTM) load on attentional selection. Some studies demonstrated that maintaining large amount of information in VSTM enhanced attentional selection. Using similar experimental methods, however, others observed impaired attentional selection by VSTM load. Here, we attempted to replicate previous conflicting results and tested the role of VSTM load as a modulating factor on attentional selection. In Experiments 1~3, participants performed a flanker task while maintaining the colors and locations of visual objects in VSTM for change detection. Irrespective of stimulus configurations, condition orders, and memory set sizes, we failed to find evidence that VSTM load modulates flanker interference. By demonstrating that flanker interference did decrease by perceptual load in Experiment 4, we excluded the possibility that our current attentional selection measure might not be sensitive enough. Experiment 5 manipulated the spatial relationship between memory items and a flanker. When memory items and a flanker appeared on opposite sides of the center, flanker interference increased with VSTM load. When their positions were overlapped, however, flanker interference was not affected by VSTM load. In addition, individual difference analysis failed to find a reliable relationship between VSTM capacity estimates and flanker interference. The equivalence test showed that the modulating effects of VSTM load on flanker interference were only negligible. The current findings provide evidence against the assertion that VSTM load modulates attentional selection, and call for new models within which the dynamic relationships between working memory and visual selection are fully described and tested.

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