본문 바로가기
KERD
논문KCI 등재

인지정보처리의 개인차와 문단의 이해: 구조모형 연구

The Effect of the Individual differences in Cognitive Processes on Paragraph Comprehension: Structural Equation Modeling

권유안|이윤형
한국인지과학회 (The Korean Society for Cognitive Science)|2012.12|인지과학 (Korean Journal of Cognitive Science)|제23권 제4호|pp. 487-515|DOI 10.19066/cogsci.2012.23.4.003

0

조회

0

다운로드

9

인용

0

참고문헌

키워드

Structural equation modeling작업기억Working memory개인차인지능력구조모형Individual difference문단이해Cognitive processingParagraph Comprehension
주제분류인지과학

초록

본 연구의 목적은 다양한 방식으로 개개인의 인지능력을 측정하고 문단 이해 능력을 살펴보는 것을 통해 문단이해에 영향을 미치는 인지정보처리 기제를 살펴보는 것이다. 이를 위하여 본 연구에서는 어휘판단 과제와 형태비교 과제를 사용하여 하위 인지능력을 측정하였고 숫자폭 과제, 작업폭 과제와 읽기폭 과제를 통하여 작업기억의 개인차를 측정하였다. 또한 논리적으로 유효한 추론과 유효하지 않은 추론의 처리 속도와 정확도를 살펴보는 것을 통해 고차 인지능력을 측정하였다. 문단이해 능력을 측정하기 위해서는 목표 문장 앞에 원인 문장이 있는 경우와 그렇지 않은 경우에 실험참여자들의 문장의 읽기 속도와 정확도를 측정하였다. 구조 모형을 통해 문단이해에 영향을 미치는 요인들을 살펴본 결과 하위 인지처리의 속도는 고차 인지처리의 속도와 상관이 있고 하위 인지처리의 정확도는 고차인지 처리의 정확도와 상관이 있었으나 고차 인지처리와 하위 인지처리에서 모두 속도와 정확도 간의 상관은 나타나지 않았다. 또한 작업기억은 고차 인지처리 및 하위 인지처리의 정확도와는 상관이 있었으나 인지처리의 속도와는 상관이 없었다. 보다 중요하게 문단이해의 속도에는 하위 인지처리의 속도만이 영향을 미쳤지만 문단이해의 정확도에는 작업기억과 고차인지처리 기제가 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 문단이해의 속도는 문단이해의 정확도에 영향을 미치지 않았다.

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of the individual differences in cognitive processes on paragraph comprehension. To do so, the lexical decision task and the pattern comparison task were used to measure the low-level cognitive processes. Digit span task was used to test the phonological loop capacity. The individual differences of the central executive processing capacity were measured by operational span task. Reading span task was used to test the working memory capacity related with the sentence processing. Reading times and accuracies of the logically valid inferences and logically void inferences were tested to measure the high-level cognitive processes. Reading times and accuracies for the target sentences with and without prior explicit causal sentence were measured to test individuals' paragraph comprehension abilities. The results showed that the speed of the low-level cognitive processes was related with the speed of the high-level cognitive processes. Also, the accuracy of the low-level cognitive processes was related with the accuracy of the high-level cognitive processes while there was no significant correlation between the speed and the accuracy in any measures of the cognitive processes. Working memory capacity was related with the accuracy of the cognitive processes while it was not significantly correlated with the speed of the cognitive processes. Most importantly, the speed of low-level cognitive processes significantly affected the speed of the paragraph comprehension while the working memory capacity and the high-level cognitive processes had influences on the accuracies of the paragraph comprehension. The speed of the paragraph comprehension had no influence on the accuracies of the paragraph comprehension.

참고문헌 (67)

  1. Bever, T. G., "The cognitive basis for linguistic structures, In Cognition and the Development of Language", pp.279~362 (1970), Wiley
  2. Frazier, L., "The sausage machine: A new two-stage parsing model", Cognition, 6, pp.291~325 (1978)
  3. Just, M. A., "A theory of reading : From eye fixations to comprehension", Psychological Review, 87, pp.329~354 (1980)
  4. Engle, R. W., "Individual differences in working memory and comprehension: A test of four hypotheses", Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory Cognition, 18, pp.972~992 (1992)
  5. Just, M. A., "A capacity theory of comprehension: Individual differences in working memory", Psychological Review, 99, pp.122~149 (1992)
  6. Van Petten, C., "Working memory capacity dissociates lexical and sentential context effects", Psychological Science, 8, pp.238~242 (1997)
  7. Kintsch, W., "Toward a model of text comprehension and production", Psychological Review, 85, pp.363~394 (1978)
  8. Van Dijk, T. A., "Strategies of Discourse Comprehension" (1983), Academic Press
  9. Salthouse, T. A., "An individual differences analysis of memory control", Journal of Memory and Language, 55, pp.102~125 (2006)
  10. Baddeley A, "Components of fluent reading", Journal of Memory and Language, 24, pp.119~131 (1985)
  11. Perfetti, C. A., "The lexical basis of comprehension skill, In On the consequences of meaning selection: Perspectives on resolving lexical ambiguity", pp.67~86 (2001), Washington, DC
  12. Schilling, H. E., "Comparing naming, lexical decision, and eye fixation times: word frequency effects and individual differences", Memory & Cognition, 26, pp.1270~1281 (1998)
  13. Lewellen, M. J., "Lexical familiarity and processing efficiency : Individual differences in naming, lexical decision, and semantic categorization", Journal of Experimental Psychology : General, 122, pp.316~330 (1993)
  14. Chateau, D., "Exposure to print and word recognition process", Memory and Cognition, 28(1), pp.143~153 (2000)
  15. Cunningham, A. E, "Cognitive variation in adult college students differing in reading ability, In Reading and its development: Component skills approaches" (1990), Academic
  16. 김영진, "인지과제를 통한 독서이해력의 개인차 연구", 한국심리학회지: 인지 및 생물, 22(2), pp.233~245 (2010), 한국인지및생물심리학회
  17. Jackson, M. D., "Processing determinants of reading speed", Journal of Experimental Psychology, 108, pp.151~181 (1979)
  18. Palmer, J., "Information processing correlates of reading", Journal of Memory and Language, 24, pp.59~88 (1985)
  19. Daneman, M., "Working memory and language comprehension: A meta-analysis", Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 3, pp.422~433 (1996)
  20. Roberts, R, "Individual differences in sentence memory", Journal of Psycholinguistic Research, 31(6), pp.573~598 (2002)
  21. Farnham-Diggory, S, "Short-term memory function in young readers", Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 19, pp.279~298 (1975)
  22. Perfetti, C. A, "Discourse memory and reading comprehension skill", Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 14, pp.33~42 (1976)
  23. Yuill, N., "Children’s Problems in Text Comprehension" (1991), Cambridge University Press
  24. Engle, R. W., "A resource account of inhibition", Psychological Science, 6, pp.122~125 (1995)
  25. Engle, R. W., "Individual differences in working memory capacity and what they tell us about controlled attention, general fluid intelligence, and functions of the prefrontal cortex, In Models of working memory: Mechanisms of active maintenance and executive control", pp.2~134 (1999), Cambridge University Press
  26. Perfetti, C. A., "Reading Ability" (1985), Oxford University Press
  27. Murray, J. D., "Activation and Encoding of Predictive Inferences: The Role of Reading Skill", Discourse-Processes, 35(2), pp.81~102 (2003)
  28. Calvo, M. G., "Working memory and inferences: Evidence from eye fixations during reading", Memory, 9, pp.365~381 (2001)
  29. Calvo, M. G., "Relative contribution of vocabulary knowledge and working memory span to elaborative inferences in reading", Learning and Individual Differences, 15(1), pp.53~65 (2005)
  30. Gilhooly, K. J., "Working memory and strategies in syllogistic-reasoning tasks", Memory & Cognition, 21, pp.115~124 (1993)
  31. Toms, M., "Working memory and conditional reasoning", The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 46, pp.679~699 (1993)
  32. Spooner, A. L. R., "Does weak reading comprehension reflect an integration deficit?", Journal of Research in Reading, 29, pp.173~193 (2006)
  33. Daneman, M., "Individual differences in working memory and reading", Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 19, pp.450~466 (1980)
  34. Linderholm, T., "Predictive Inference Generation as a Function of Working Memory Capacity and Causal Text Constraints", Discourse Processes, 34, pp.259~280 (2002)
  35. Vos, S. H., "Intersentential syntactic context effects on comprehension : The role of working memory", Cognitive Brain Research, 16, pp.111~122 (2003)
  36. 이병택, "읽기폭에 따르는 언어처리의 개인차 : 작업기억과 언어이해", 한국심리학회지 : 실험 및 인지, 8, pp.59~85 (1996)
  37. 조아정, "작업기억의 용량이 유추에 의한 과학 개념의 학습에 미치는 영향", 한국심리학회지 : 실험 및 인지, 12, pp.215~226 (2000)
  38. 도경수, "텍스트 유형과 작업기억이 읽기 정상 아동과 읽기 지진 아동의 텍스트 이해에 미치는 영향", 인지과학, 17(3), pp.191~206 (2006), 한국인지과학회
  39. Miyake, A., "The unity and diversity of executive functions and their contributions to complex frontal tasks : A latent variable analysis", Cognitive Psychology, 41, pp.49~100 (2000)
  40. Redick, T. S., "Working Memory Capacity and Attention Network Test Performance", Applied Cognitive Psychology, 20(5), pp.713~721 (2006)
  41. Vogel, E. K., "Neural measures reveal individual differences in controlling access to working memory", Nature, 438, pp.500~503 (2005)
  42. 유현주, "작업기억의 개인차 : 무관련 정보 억제의 차이", 인지과학, 17(3), pp.207~229 (2006), 한국인지과학회
  43. Turner, M. L., "Is working memory capacity task dependent?", Journal of Memory & Language, 28(1), pp.127~154 (1989)
  44. Singer, M., "The role of working memory capacity and knowledge access in text inference processing", Memory & Cognition, 24, pp.733~743 (1996)
  45. Stanovich, K. E., "Individual differences in rational thought", Journal of Experimental Psychology : General, 127, pp.161~188 (1998)
  46. Long, D. L., "Individual differences in the time course of inferential processing", Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, & Cognition, 20, pp.1456~1470 (1994)
  47. Monetta, L., "Effects of working memory capacity on inference generation during story comprehension in adults with Parkinson's disease", Journal of Neurolinguistics, 21, pp.400~417 (2008)
  48. Karasinski, C., "Comprehension of inference in discourse processing by adolescents with and without language impairment", Journal of Speech, Language and Hearing Research, 53, pp.1268~1279 (2010)
  49. 이윤형, "읽기 폭 과제로 측정된 작업기억 용량과 추론 능력의 관계", Journal of The Korean Data Analysis Society, 13(5), pp.2535~2547 (2011), 한국자료분석학회
  50. Cain, K., "Children’s reading comprehension ability: Concurrent prediction by working memory, verbal ability and component skill", Journal of Educational Psychology, 96(1), pp.31~42 (2004)
  51. Cromley, J. G., "Testing and refining the direct and inferential mediation model of reading comprehension", Journal of Educational Psychology, 99(2), pp.311~325 (2007)
  52. Hannon, B., "Age-related changes in reading comprehension : An individual-differences perspective", Experimental Aging Research, 35(4), pp.432~456 (2009)
  53. McNamara, D. S., "Toward a comprehensive model of comprehension, In The psychology of learning and motivation", pp.297~384 (2009), Elsevier
  54. Hannon B., "Understanding the relative contributions of lower-level word processes, Higher-level processes, and working memory to reading comprehension performance in proficient adult readers", Reading Research quarterly, 47, pp.125~152 (2012)
  55. Hannon, B., "A new tool for measuring and understanding individual differences in the component processes of reading comprehension", Journal of Educational Psychology, 93(1), pp.103~128 (2001)
  56. 이윤형, "작업기억의 개인차와 문장의 이해", Journal of The Korean Data Analysis Society, 14(2), pp.825~836 (2012), 한국자료분석학회[DOI]
  57. Dixon, P, "Word knowledge and working memory as predictors of reading skill", Journal of Educational Psychology, 80(4), pp.465~472 (1988)
  58. Jenkins, J. R., "Sources of individual differences in reading comprehension and reading fluency", Journal of Educational Psychology, 95(4), pp.719~729 (2003)
  59. Klauda, S. L., "Relationships of three components of reading fluency to reading comprehension", Journal of Educational Psychology, 100(2), pp.310~321 (2008)
  60. Nation, K., "Beyond phonological skills : Broader language skills contribute to the development of reading", Journal of Research in Reading, 27, pp.342~356 (2004)
  61. Bell, L. C., "Reading skill: Some adult comparisons", Journal of Educational Psychology, 86(2), pp.244~255 (1994)
  62. Lomax, R. G., "Young children’s concepts about print and reading : Toward a model of word reading acquisition", Reading Research Quarterly, 22(2), pp.237~256 (1987)
  63. Unsworth, N., "An automated version of the operation span task", Behavior Research Methods, 37, pp.498~505 (2005)
  64. Graesser, A. C., "Constructing inferences during narrative text comprehension", Psychological Review, 101(3), pp.371~395 (1994)
  65. Virtue, S., "Neural activity of inferences during story comprehension", Brain Research, 1084, pp.104~114 (2006)
  66. McVay, J., "Why does working memory capacity predict variation in reading comprehension? On the influence of mind wandering and executive attention", Journal of experimental psychology: General, 141(2), pp.302~320 (2012)
  67. Hedden, T., "Individual differences in executive processing predict susceptibility to interference in verbal working memory", Neuropsychology, 20(5), pp.511~528 (2006)

관련 논문AI추천

덩이글 읽기 시 글의 난이도와 인지 능력 개인차의 상호작용 효과: 안구 운동 추적 연구성은진, 이윤형, 최원일한국인지및생물심리학회 · 한국심리학회지: 인지 및 생물2020 · 제32권 제2호인지과제를 통한 독서이해력의 개인차 연구김영진, 최광일한국인지및생물심리학회 · 한국심리학회지: 인지 및 생물2010 · 제22권 제2호작업기억과 언어처리의 개인차한국심리학회 · 한국심리학회지:일반1997 · 제16권 제1호인지욕구와 읽기처리에 관련된 인지능력 및 읽기수행과의 관계김미숙, 김예슬, 노수림담화·인지언어학회 · 담화와 인지2020 · 제27권 제1호읽기를 설명하는 인지과정요인에 관한 연구김미경, 안성우, 정운기한국특수교육문제연구소 · 특수교육저널:이론과 실천2005 · 제6권 제3호작업기억의 개인차 : 무관련 정보 억제의 차이김미라, 유현주, 이정모한국인지과학회 · 인지과학2006 · 제17권 제3호

이 간행물의 다른 논문 (3건)

다차원 구어 단기기억에 따른 전도 실어증 환자의 언어수행력 분석하지완, 황유미, 편성범pp. 425-455미디어 형식과 위험 메시지 구성이 감정적 위험인식과 행위의도에 미치는 영향이재신pp. 457-485호모 리플리쿠스(Homo replicus): 모방, 거울뉴런, 그리고 밈장대익pp. 517-551
원문 보기