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아동․청소년기 뇌 구조의 성숙과 이에 대한 지능의 영향

A Review of Research on the Maturation of Children and Adolescences’ Brain Structure and the Influence of Intelligence

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한국인지과학회 (The Korean Society for Cognitive Science)|2017.12|인지과학 (Korean Journal of Cognitive Science)|제28권 제4호|pp. 267-297|DOI 10.19066/cogsci.2017.28.4.004

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키워드

청소년아동adolescentschildren발달development지능intelligence개인차individual differences성숙MRImaturationbrain structure뇌 구조회백질피질 두께gray mattercortical thicknessMRI.
주제분류인지과학

초록

뇌의 해부학적 구조에는 개인의 인지적 특성에 대한 많은 정보가 반영된다. 본 연구는 아동과 청소년을 대상으로 생물학적 성숙과 지능의 개인차와 관련한 대뇌의 구조적 변화와 특성을 관찰한 연구들을 중점적으로 개관하였다. 본 연구의 목적은 아동과 청소년의 뇌 구조의 발달 과정을 이해함과 동시에 개인의 지능에 따라 뇌 구조가 발달하는 패턴이 어떠한 차이가 있는지를 알아보는 것이다. 첫 번째 단원에서는 뇌의 구조적 특성에 대한 측정치들(전체 뇌의 크기나 부피, 영역 별 회백질/백질의 부피와 밀도, 피질 두께, 피질 표면적 등)과 부피소-기반 계측법 및 구조적 공분산성 분석 등의 연구 방법들을 설명한다. 두 번째 단원에서는 생물학적 성숙에 따른 뇌 구조의 발달적 변화와 이에 영향을 미치는 변수와 조절 변인들(성별, 정신/발달 장애, 환경 요인, 영역 별 피질의 층 구조)을 설명한다. 세 번째 단원에서는 지능의 두정-전두 통합 이론을 소개하고 뇌 구조 및 뇌의 구조적 공분산성, 기능적 연결성의 발달적 변화가 지능의 개인차에 따라 어떻게 달라지는지에 대한 연구 결과들을 개관한다. 끝으로, 결론 부분에서는 현재까지 이루어진 연구들을 기반으로 하여 후속 연구의 방향과 이 분야 연구의 사회적 가치를 논한다.

Abstract

The anatomical structure of the brain reflects a great amount of information about an individual’s cognitive ability. The present study reviewed research on developmental changes in brain structure in relation to biological maturation and intellectual growth focusing on children and adolescents. The purpose of the present study was to achieve an understanding of how children and adolescents’ brain matures with development and also to examine whether individual differences in intelligence influences the development of brain structure. The first section introduces methods of measurement and analysis of brain structure, such as voxel-based morphometry and structural covariance. The second section reviews studies on the biological maturation of the brain and variables that influence brain development such as sex, environmental factors, and mental disorders, etc. The third section introduces the Parieto-Frontal Integration Theory of intelligence and reviews studies on the association between intelligence and developmental changes of the brain, including changes in structural covariance and functional connectivity. We conclude with a discussion on educational/clinical implications of this work and directions for future studies.

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