심리학자로서의 아동: 심리지식의 발달
Children as psychologists: The development of folk psychology
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본 연구는 아동도 일반 성인과 같이 사람은 마음을 가지고 있고 그 마음으로 인해 행동하게 된다는 초보적인 심리지식을 가지고 있는지, 아동의 초보적인 심리지식이 이론의 형태로 체제화 되어 있는지, 또 아동이 발달함에 따라 심리지식이 발달하는지를 알아보기 위해 수행되었다. 3세에서 11세 사이의 아동을 대상으로 행동을 설명하도록 하는 행동설명 과제와 특정인의 마음상태로부터 그 사람의 행동을 예측해야 하는 행동예측 과제를 사용하였다. 3세 아동들도, 그 비율이 더 낮기는 하였으나, 보다 나이 많은 아동과 같이 행동을 목적/의도, 바람, 정서와 같이 눈에 보이지 않는 추상적 구성개념인 마음상태로 설명하였다. 그리고 행동을 설명할 때뿐만 아니라 특정 마음상태를 설명할 때에도 다른 마음상태로 설명하였는데, 이는 마음상태 개념들이 응집력 있게 관련되어 있음을 보여준다. 이러한 특징들은 하나의 이론이 가지는 특성으로, 아동의 심리지식이 이론 형태의 지식임을 보여준다. 또 3세 아동도 사람의 마음상태를 고려하여 그 사람의 행동을 예측할 수 있었다. 그러나 3세 아동은 보다 나이 많은 아동에 비해 믿음과 같은 마음상태가 행동과 어떻게 관련되는지, 성격특질이 다양한 마음상태와 어떻게 관련되어 행동에 영향을 미치는지에 대한 이해가 부족하였다.
Abstract
This study was carried out to examine whether children had the naive psychological knowledge that the mental states are required to understand the intentional actions, whether their psychological knowledge was organized as a theory, and in what aspects the knowledge changed as children get older. Three- to 11-year-olds were presented with two types of tasks. In action explanation tasks, children were presented with simple descriptions of two characters engaging in specific actions and then asked to explain the characters' action. In action prediction tasks, they were told stories depicting a character's desire and belief and then asked to predict the action of the character. Three-year-olds explained the action in terms of abstract construct such as emotion, intention, and desire, and they predicted the character's action on the basis of her/his desire and explicit belief but not on the basis of inferred false belief and traits. In addition when they were asked to explain one mental state, they explained in terms of other mental states, suggesting the coherence of their knowledge. The present results suggested that even 3-year-olds' psychological knowledge was organized as a theory, in that it was used as a causal device in explaining and predicting human actions, and it had abstractness and coherence. Older children's knowledge was different from 3-year-olds' in that older children explained the action in terms of more complicated mental states such as beliefs and traits. The nature of the developmental change in psychological knowledge was discussed.
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