본문 바로가기
KERD
논문KCI 등재

사회자본과 국가정체성의 관계분석: 한․중․미 3국간 비교

Relationship of Social Capital and National Identity: Cases of Korea, China and America

강정희|이희창
한국보훈학회 (The Korean Association for Patriots and Veterans Affairs Studies)|2013.06|한국보훈논총 (Journal of Patriots and Veterans Affairs in the Republic of Korea)|제12권 제2호|pp. 7-45

0

조회

0

다운로드

3

인용

0

참고문헌

키워드

사회자본Social Capital국가정체성National Identity종족적/시민적 정체성수직적/수평적 사회자본Vertical / Horizontal Social CapitalEthnic / Civic Identity

초록

기존연구는 대부분 사회자본에 대한 국가정체성의 일방적 인과성 검증에 초점 맞춰 있다. 종족적 다양성에 따른 사회적 결속력 저하에만 관심을 두었기 때문이다. 하지만 사회자본은 국가정체성의 결과 변수 역할만 하는 것은 아니다. Putnam(1993)과 Uslaner(2002)의 주장대로 이들은 상호 영향관계에 있다. 수직적/수평적 사회자본과 종족적/시민적 정체성은 폐쇄적/개방적 속성을 갖는다는 점에서 유사성을 갖는다. 이러한 시각에서 본 연구는 사회자본과 국가정체성의 쌍방적 인과관계 규명을 목적으로 하였다. 사회자본과 국가정체성의 상호 결합을 통해 사회적 결속력이 보다 증진될 수도 있기 때문이다. 또한 서구 위주의 기존연구와는 달리 한․중․미 3국을 대상으로 동․서양 특성분석과 함께 종족적 다양성에 따른 사회자본과 국가정체성의 유형별 관계도 비교해 보았다. 세계가치조사의 2005-2008년 자료를 토대로 한 본 연구의 분석결과는 다음과 같다. ① 사회자본 수준에 있어 동․서양 차이가 뚜렷하다. 한국과 중국은 수직적 사회자본(사적신뢰)이 높고, 미국은 수평적 사회자본(규범, 일반신뢰, 참여)이 높다. 단, 정부신뢰는 통치체제에 따라 달리 나타난다. 사회주의 체제의 중국이 자본주의 체제의 한국이나 미국보다 높다. ② 국가정체성 수준에 있어서도 국가별 차이가 확연하다. 미국이 가장 높고, 한국이 가장 낮다. 또한 미국은 종족적/시민적 정체성 구분이 한국이나 중국보다 훨씬 뚜렷하다. ③ 사회자본과 국가정체성은 모든 국가에서 쌍방적 인과성을 보인다. 수직적 사회자본인 사적신뢰는 종족적 정체성과 긍정적 인과성을 지니고, 수평적 사회자본은 시민적 정체성과 긍정적 인과성을 갖는다. ④ 사회자본과 국가정체성을 구성하는 변수별 영향력에 있어서도 국가별 차이가 뚜렷하다. 한국은 사적신뢰와 인과성이 높고, 중국은 정부신뢰와 높은 인과성을 갖는다. 반면, 미국은 사회자본의 모든 변수가 국가정체성과 부호를 달리하며 높은 인과성을 갖는다. 이러한 결과를 토대로 사회자본과 국가정체성 증진을 위한 향후 과제에 대해 논의하였다.

Abstract

Most of the existing research Focus on the affection of social capital to thenational identity. The main concerns of these studies are due to the promotionof social cohesion. However social capital variables do not only serve as a resultof national identity. According to the claims of Putnam(1993) and Uslaner(2002),social capital and national identity have a mutual influence relationship. Vertical/ horizontal social capital and the ethnic / civic identity are very similar interms of the closed / open properties. In this perspective, this study aims toexamine the relationship of social capital and national identity. This study'sstarting point is that Social cohesion can be more enhanced. through acombination of social capital and national identity. In addition, unlike previousWestern-oriented studies, this study aims to analysis of the characterization byethnic diversity between the eastern and western countries. Based on the WorldValue Survey data from 2005 to 2008, this research finds following results. ①The Levels of social capital in Eastern and Western countries are significantlydifferent. Korea and China have the high vertical social capital (private trust),while the america have high horizontal social capital (norms, general trust,participation). However, the government trust appear differently depending onthe political regime. China's socialist system is higher than the capitalistsystem of Korea and the United States. ② Cross country differences in thelevel of national identity are also very large. America is the highest and koreais the lowest. In addition, the america' difference of ethnic / civic identity isvery obvious than that of Korea and China. ③ Social capital and nationalidentity in all countries show causality. Ethnic identity and vertical social capitalhas a positive causality and horizontal social capital and civic identity has apositive causality. ④ In the variables influence of Social capital and nationalidentity, there is a significant cross-country differences. Korea's national identityhas a positive causal relationship with personal trust, China's national identityhas a positive causal relationship with government trust. On the other hand,America's national identity has a high causality with all the variables of thesocial capital. From these results, this paper discusses research implications forfurther research.

참고문헌 (70)

  1. 박희봉, "조직 내 사회자본 형성요인에 관한 연구", 지방정부연구, 6(1), pp.221~237 (2002), 한국지방정부학회
  2. 박희봉, "우리나라 정부신뢰 특성 및 영향 요인 분석", 한국행정학보, 37(3), pp.45~66 (2003), 한국행정학회
  3. 박희봉, "신뢰와 정부경쟁력 - 한･중･일 3국의 시민의식 분석 -", 한국정책학회보, 20(2), pp.289~318 (2011), 한국정책학회
  4. 이유나, "조직의 사회적 자본(Social capital) 형성과 PR의 역할: 커뮤니케이션, 규범, 신뢰, 및 구성원 정체성을 중심으로", 한국광고홍보학보, 9(4), pp.46~70 (2007), 한국광고홍보학회
  5. 이희창, "보훈의식의 영향요인에 대한 고찰: 제도적 여건과 사회자본 비교", 한국보훈논총, 10(1), pp.7~41 (2011), 한국보훈학회
  6. Alesina, A, "Participation in heterogeneous communications", Quarterly Journal of Economics, 115, pp.847~894 (2000)
  7. Berg. L, "National Identy and Political Trust", Perspectives on European Politics and Society, 11(4), pp.390~407 (2010)
  8. Blank. T, "Determinants of National Identity in East and West Germany: An Empirical Comparison of Theories on the Significance of Authoritarianism, Anomie and General Self-Esteem", Political Psychology, 24(2), pp.259~288 (2003)
  9. Blank, T, "National Identity in a United Germany: Nationalism or Patriotism? An Empirical Test with Representative Data", Political Psychology, 20(1), pp.289~312 (2003)
  10. Brubaker. R, "Citizenship and Nationhood in France and Germany" (1992), Harvard University Press
  11. Brubaker, R, "In the name of the nation: Reflections on Nationalism and Patriotism", Citizenship Studies, 8, pp.115~127 (2004)
  12. Brubaker. R, "Ethnicity without Group. Reviewed by Sinisa Malesevic", Nationals and Nationalism, 12(4), pp.699~700 (2006)
  13. Byrne, "National Identity and Attitudes Toward Immigrants in a Multicreedal America", Politics and Policy, 39(4), pp.485~514 (2011)
  14. Cederman, L. E, "Nationalism and Bounded Integration: What It Would Take to Construct a European Demos", Europena Journal of International Relations, 7(2), pp.139~174 (2001)
  15. Chan, R. To, "Reconsidering Social Cohesion: Developing a Definition and Analytical Framework for Empirical Research", Social Indicators Research, 75(2), pp.273~392 (2006)
  16. Citrin, J, "Public Opinion Toward Immigration Reform", Journal of Politics, 59(3), pp.858~881 (1997)
  17. Cimen, J, "Public Opinion Toward Immigration Reform", Journal of Politics, 59(3), pp.858~881 (1997)
  18. Coleman, James S, "Social Capital in the Creation of Human Capital", American Journal of Sociology, 94, pp.95~120 (1988)
  19. Follesdal, A, "Union Citizenship: Conceptious and Preconditions", Law and Philosophy, 20(3), pp.233~237 (2001)
  20. Fukuyama, Francis, "Social Capital, Civil Society and Development", Third World Quarterly, 22(1), pp.7~20 (2001)
  21. Fukuyama, Francis, "Social Capital and Global Economy", Foreign Affairs, 74(5), pp.89~103 (1995)
  22. Fuchs, D, , pp.33~72 (2000), Westdeutscher Verlag
  23. Gaber. R, "National Identy and Democratic Consolidation in Central and Eastern Europe", International Journal of Sociology, 36(3), pp.35~69 (2006)
  24. Gesthuizen, M, "Ethnic Diversity and Social Capital in Europe: Tests of Putnam's Tthesis in Europen Countries", Scandinavian Political Studies, 32, pp.121~142 (2009)
  25. Habermas, J, "Citizenship and National Identity: Some Reflections on the Future of Europe", Praxis International, 12(1), pp.1~19 (1992)
  27. Hero, R. E, "Social Capital and Racial Inequality in America", Perspectives on Politics, 1, pp.113~122 (2003)
  28. Hjerm, M, "National Identities, National Pride and Xenophobia: A Comparison of Four Western Countries", ACTA Sociologica, pp.335~347 (1998)
  29. Hooghe, M, "Social Capital and Diversity: Generalized Trust, Social Cohesion and Regimens of Diversity", Canadian Journal of Political Science, 40, pp.709~732 (2007)
  30. Hooghe, M, "Ethnic Diversity and Generalized Trust in Europe: A Cross-National Multilevel Study", Comparative Political Studies, 42, pp.198~223 (2009)
  31. Huddy, L, "American Patriotism, National Identity, and Political Involvement", American Journal of Political Science, 51(1), pp.63~77 (2007)
  32. Inglehart, Ronald, "Trust, Well-being and Democracy in Mark E, In Democracy and Trust", pp.88~120 (1999), Cambridge University Press
  33. Karkatsoulis, P, "The National Identity as A Motivational Factor for Better Performance in the Public Sector: The Case of the Volunteers of the Athens 2004 Olympic Games", International Journal of Productivity and Performance Management, 54(7), pp.579~594 (2005)
  34. Kaufman, E, "Ethnic or Civic Nation? Theorizing the American case", Canadian Review of Studies in Nationalism, 27(1-2), pp.133~135 (2000)
  35. Klingemann, H. -D, "Mapping Political Support in the 1990s, In Global Support for Democratic Governance", pp.31~56 (1999)
  36. Kohn, H, "The Idea of Nationalism. A Study in Its Origin and Background" (1944), Macmillan
  37. Kuzio, T, "The Myth of the Civic State. A Critical Survey of Kohn's Framework for Understanding Nationalism", Ethnic and Racial Studies, 25(1), pp.20~39 (2002)
  38. Kymlicka, W, "Politics in the vernacular: Nationalism, Multiculturalism, and Citizenship" (2001), Oxford University Press
  39. Lai, M. H, "Motivation as Mediator Between National Identity and Intention to Volunteer. Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology", J. Community Appl. Soc. Psychol (2012)
  40. Lee, J, "Networking: Social Capital and Identities in European Rural Development", Sociologia Rurals, 45(4), pp.269~282 (2005)
  41. Leonard, M, "Bonding and Bridging Social Capital: Reflection from Belfast", Sociology, 38(5), pp.927~944 (2004)
  42. Lijphart, A, "Democracy in Plural Societies" (1997), Yale University Press
  44. Medrano, J. D, "Between Fear and Hope: Globalization and Race in the United States", Contemporary Sociology, 33(4), pp.451~453 (2004)
  45. Mill, J. S, "Three Essays. Consideration on Representative Government, On Liberty, The Subjection of Women" (1975), Oxford University Press
  46. Miller, D, "Citizenship and National Identity" (2000), Polity Press
  47. Newton, Kenneth, "Social and Political Trust in Established Democracies, In Critical Citizens", pp.169~187 (1999), Oxford University Press
  48. Paxton, P, "Is Social Capital Declining in the United States? A Multiple Indicator Assessment", American Journal of Sociology, 105(1), pp.88~127 (1999)
  49. Pennings, J, "Human Capital, Social Capital, and Firm Dissolution", Academy of Management Journal, 41(4), pp.425~440 (1998)
  50. Putnam, Robert D, "Making Democracy Work; Civic Traditions in Modern Italy" (1993), Princeton University Press
  51. Putnam, R. D, "E Pluribus Unum: Doversity and Community in the Twenty-first Century", Scandinavian Political Studies, 30, pp.137~174 (2007)
  52. Pye, Lucian W, "Civility, Social Capital, and Civil Society: The Powerful Concepts for Explaining Asia", Journal of Interdisciplinary History, 29(4), pp.763~782 (1999)
  53. Reeskens, T, "Nationalism and the Cohesive Society: A Multilevel Analysis of the Interplay Among Diversity, National Identity, and Social Capital Across 27 European Societies", Comparative Political Studies, 46(2), pp.153~181 (2013)
  54. Reeskens. T, "Beyond the Civic-Ethic Dichotomy: Investigating the Structure of Citizenship Concepts Across Thirty-three Countries", Nations and Nationalism, 16(4), pp.579~597 (2010)
  55. Roshwald. A, "The Endurance of Nationalism: Ancient Roots and Modern Dilemmas" (2006), Cambridge University Press
  56. Salins, P. D, "Assimilation, American Style" (1997), Basic Books
  57. Saharph, F, "Governing in Europe. Effective and Democratic" (1999), Oxford University Press
  58. Sears, D. O, "Tax Revolt. Something for Nothing in California" (1985), Harvard University Press
  59. Segageldin, Ismail, "Defining Social Capital: An I Integrating View, In Social Capital: A Multifaceted Perspective" (2000), The World Bank
  60. Shulman, S, "Challenging the Civic", Ethnic and West, Comparative Political Studies, pp.2002, 35(5)[DOI]
  61. Smidts, A. Pruyn, "Impact of Employee Communication and Perceived External Prestige on Organizational Identification", Academy of Management Journal, 44(5), pp.1051~1062 (2001)
  62. Sturmer. S, "The Role of Collective Identification in Social Movement Participation: A Panel Study in the Context of the German Gay Movement", Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 30(3), pp.263~267 (2004)
  63. Taifel, H, "The Social Identity Theory of Intergroup Behavior, In Psychology of Intergroup Relations", pp.7~24 (1986), Nelson-Hall
  64. Lai, M. H, "Motivation as Mediator Between National Identity and Intention to Volunteer. Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology", J. Community Appl. Soc. Psychol (2012)
  65. Uslaner, "The Moral Foundation of Trust" (2002), Cambridge University Press
  66. Viroli, M, "For Love of country : An Essay on Patriotism and Nationalism" (1995), Clarendon Press
  67. Zubrzycki, G, "We, the Polish Nation, Ethnic and Civic Visions of Nationhood in Postcommunist Constitutional Debates", Theory and Society, 30(5), pp.629~668 (2001)
  68. Verkuyten, M, "Religious Group Identification and Inter-Religious Relations: A Study Among Turkish-Dutch Muslims", Group Processes And Intergroup Relations, 10(3), pp.341~358 (2007)
  69. Watson. G. W, "Social Capital and Organizational Commitment", Journal of Business and Psychology, 16(4), pp.537~552 (2002)
  70. "World Value Survey"[URL]

관련 논문AI추천

사회자본이 보훈의식에 미치는 영향: 한·미 양국간 특성 비교강정희, 이희창한국보훈학회 · 한국보훈논총2014 · 제13권 제3호나라사랑 정신과 사회자본의 관계: 한․중․일 3국 비교분석강정희, 이희창한국보훈학회 · 한국보훈논총2011 · 제10권 제3호국가 정체성과 애국심의 관계: 동․서양 5개국 특성 비교강정희, 이희창한국보훈학회 · 한국보훈논총2013 · 제12권 제3호한국의 사회적 자본과 시민참여 Ⅱ: 사회적 자본과 시민참여 동학의 변화송경재세종연구소 · 국가전략2010 · 제16권 제4호사회신뢰의 국가 간 비교: 한국과 미국의 대학생들 간의 신뢰정도 비교를 중심으로양승범, 이형우사회과학연구소 · 사회과학연구2012 · 제38권 제3호한국 사회자본의 특성에 관한 연구유시용국가정책연구소 · 국가정책연구2017 · 제31권 제4호

이 간행물의 다른 논문 (6건)

나라사랑 교육의 효과에 대한 연구목진휴, 김희경, 형시영pp. 47-77보훈의식 강화를 위한 국가정체성 교육의 문제점에 관한 고찰권기숙pp. 79-116한국 여성독립 운동가의 보훈예우 현황에 관한 분석심옥주pp. 117-145통일 정책에서의 상징성과 은유이용자pp. 147-180국민통합을 위한 보훈정책의 현황과 과제홍기백, 안성호pp. 181-209
원문 보기