본문 바로가기
KERD
논문KCI 등재

사회적 맥락이 사회불안의 웃음과 비웃음 지각에 미치는 영향

Effects of Social Context on Perceptions of Smile and Sneer in Social Anxiety

양재원|봉재환
한국건강심리학회 (Korean Health Psychological Association)|2023.01|한국심리학회지: 건강 (Korean Journal of Health Psychology)|제28권 제1호|pp. 185-203|DOI 10.17315/kjhp.2023.28.1.010

0

조회

0

다운로드

0

인용

0

참고문헌

키워드

social anxiety사회불안cognitive bias웃음사회적 맥락social context인지 편향비웃음sneersmile
주제분류심리과학

초록

본 연구에서는 사회불안이 웃음과 비웃음을 지각하는 데 사회적 맥락이 미치는 영향을 알아보고자 하였다. 국내 대학(원)에 재학 중인 94명은 사회불안과 우울 증상을 측정하는 자기보고식 척도를 실시하였고, 컴퓨터를 이용하여 실험에 참여하였다. 실험 자극으로 웃음과 비웃음을 2:8부터 8:2까지 7수준으로 몰핑(morphing)한 얼굴 표정을 사용하였으며, 사회적 맥락 조건은 맥락이 나타나지 않는 조건과 등돌리기 조건 그리고 마주보기 조건으로 이루어져 있다. 맥락이 나타나지 않는 조건에서는 얼굴 표정 하나만 짧게 제시되었고, 맥락이 나타나는 조건에서는 맥락이 먼저 제시되고 뒤이어 얼굴 자극이 짧은 시간 동안 맥락과 함께 제시되었다. 이후 참여자들은 제시된 얼굴 표정이 웃음인지 비웃음인지 평정하였고, 맥락이 나타나는 조건에서는 맥락에 주의를 두었는지 확인하기 위해 맥락에 나타난 사람들의 성별이 같은지 다른지 응답하도록 하는 절차가 추기되었다. 참여자들로부터 수집된 자료는 누적정규분포 함수에 곡선맞춤하여 주관적 동등점(point of subjective equality)을 산출하였다. 상관분석 결과, 맥락이 없는 조건 및 등돌리기 조건에서의 주관적 동등점은 사회불안과 정적인 상관을 보였고, 마주보기 조건에서의 주관적 동등점과 사회불안 간에는 상관이 나타나지 않았다. 이는 높은 사회불안을 지닌 사람들에게 웃음을 비웃음으로 판단하는 편향이 나타나고, 이러한 경향성은 두 사람이 서로 마주 보는 긍정적인 사회적 상황에서는 사라질 수 있음을 시사한다.

Abstract

This study investigated whether social context could affectthe perception of smile and sneer in individuals with high levels of social anxiety. Social anxiety and depressino symptoms of undergraduate and graduate participants were measured using self-report questionnaires, Subject then participated in an experiment using a computer. Smiling and sneering faces were morphed to 7 levels from 2:8 to 8:2 and they were used as facial stimulus in the experiment. The context in which two people were palced back-to-back or face-to-face was used as social context stimulus. Under conditions where no context appeared, only one facial stimulus was presented briefly. Under conditions in which context was presented the social context stimulus was presented first followed by facial expression stimulus simultaneously for a short period of time. Subsequently, participants evaluated whether the presented facial stimulus was smile or sneer. Only under conditions in which the context appeared, they evaluated whether the gender of the people in the context stimulus was the same or different to confirm that they were paying attention to the context. The point of subjective equality (PSE) was estimated by curve-fitting data collected from participants into a cumulative normal distribution function. As a result of correlation analysis, there was a positive correlation between social anxiety and PSEs in context conditions where the context did not appear and the two were placed back-to-back. However, PSEs in context condition where the two were placed face-to-face were not correlated with social anxiety. This suggests that the higher the social anxiety, the more likely it is to judge sneer. However, in a positive social situation where the two are facing each other, the bias in social anxiety might disappear.

참고문헌 (57)

  1. 김향숙, "사회공포증 하위 유형의 기억 편향", 석사, 임상·상담심리학, pp.2001
  2. 이정윤, "한국판 사회공포증척도(K-SAD, K-FNE)의 신뢰도 및 타당도 연구", Korean Journal of Clinical Psychology, 16(2), pp.251~264 (1997)
  3. 이환희, "사회불안과 미소지각: 신호탐지이론의 적용", 한국심리학회지: 건강, 23(2), pp.571~581 (2018), 한국건강심리학회[DOI]
  4. 임효정, "사회불안이 웃음, 비웃음 지각에 미치는 영향: 우울 증상의 통제 효과", 한국심리학회지: 건강, 26(3), pp.491~507 (2021), 한국건강심리학회[DOI]
  5. 전겸구, "통합적 한국판 CES-D 개발", 한국심리학회지 : 건강, 6(1), pp.59~76 (2001)
  6. Alden, L. E., "Social anxiety and the interpretation of positive social events", Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 22(4), pp.577~590 (2008)
  7. American Psychiatric Association, "Diagnostic and statistical manual for mental disorders" (2013), American Psychiatric Publishing
  8. Anderson, E. C., "Smiles may go unseen in generalized social anxiety disorder : Evidence from binocular rivalry for reduced visual consciousness of positive facial expressions", Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 27(7), pp.619~626 (2013)
  9. Aviezer, H., "The inherently contextualized nature of facial emotion perception", Current Opinion in Psychology, 17, pp.47~54 (2017)
  10. Aviezer, H., "Angry, disgusted, or afraid? Studies on the malleability of emotion perception", Psychological Science, 19, pp.724~732 (2008)
  11. Baumeister, R. F., "The need to belong : Desire for interpersonal attachments as a fundamental human motivation", Psychological Bulletin, 117(3), pp.497~529 (1995)
  12. Blair, R. J. R., "Facial expressions, their communicatory functions and neurocognitive substrates", Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B, 358, pp.561~572 (2003)
  13. David Bridges, "The timing mega-study: comparing a range of experiment generators, both lab-based and online", PeerJ, 8, pp.e9414~ (2020), PeerJ[DOI]
  14. Chen, Y. P., "Patients with generalized social phobia direct their attention away from faces", Behaviour Research and Therapy, 40(6), pp.677~687 (2002)
  15. Chen, J., "Interpretation bias in social anxiety : A systematic review and meta-analysis", Journal of Affective Disorders, 276, pp.1119~1130 (2020)
  16. Chung, K. -M., "Development and validation of the Yonsei face database(YFace DB)", Frontiers in Psychology, 10, pp.2626~ (2019)
  17. Clark, D. M., "Information processing in social phobia", Biological Psychiatry, 51(1), pp.92~100 (2002)
  18. Dawel, A., "Reduced willingness to approach genuine smilers in social anxiety explained by potential for social evaluation, not misperception of smile authenticity", Cognition and Emotion, 33(7), pp.1342~1355 (2019)
  19. Griffiths, S., "Feedback training induces a bias for detecting happiness or fear in facial expressions that generalises to a novel task", Psychiatry Research, 230(3), pp.951~957 (2015)
  20. Gutiérrez-García, A., "Social anxiety and interpretation of ambiguous smiles", Anxiety, Stress & Coping, 27(1), pp.74~89 (2014)
  21. Heitmann, C. Y., "Brain activation to task-irrelevant disorder-related threat in social anxiety disorder : The impact of symptom severity", NeuroImage : Clinical, 14, pp.323~333 (2017)
  22. Heuer, K., "Morphed emotional faces : emotion detection and misinterpretation in social anxiety", Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 41(4), pp.418~425 (2010)
  23. Hoferichter, F., "The mediating role of socio-motivational relationships in the interplay of perceived stress, neuroticism, and test anxiety among adolescent students", Psychology in the Schools, 51, pp.736~752 (2014)
  24. Kavanagh, B. E., "Social anxiety mediates the relationship between social connectedness and test anxiety : An exploratory investigation", Journal of Theoretical Social Psychology, 1(2), pp.60~69 (2017)
  25. Krumhuber, E. G., "Contextual effects on smile perception and recognition memory", Current Psychology, 2021, pp.1~9 (2021)
  26. Leary, M. R., "Responses to social exclusion : Social anxiety, jealousy, loneliness, depression, and low self-esteem", Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 9(2), pp.221~229 (1990)
  27. Leary, M. R., "A brief version of the fear of negative evaluation scale", Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 9, pp.371~375 (1983)
  28. Tae-Ho Lee, "Context Modulation of Facial Emotion Perception Differed by Individual Difference", PLoS ONE, 7(3), pp.e32987~ (2012), Public Library of Science (PLoS)[DOI]
  29. Lee, R. M., "Social connectedness, dysfunctional interpersonal behaviors, and psychological distress : Testing a mediator model", Journal of Counseling Psychology, 48(3), pp.310~318 (2001)
  30. Lee, R. M., "The relationship between social connectedness and anxiety, self-esteem, and social identity", Journal of Counseling Psychology, 45(3), pp.338~345 (1998)
  31. Mattick, R. P., "Development and validation of measures of social phobia scrutiny fear and social interaction anxiety", Behaviour Research and Therapy, 36(4), pp.455~470 (1998)
  32. Mauss, I. B., "Don't hide your happiness! Positive emotion dissociation, social connectedness, and psychological functioning", Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 100(4), pp.738~748 (2011)
  33. Merikangas, K. R., "Comorbidity and social phobia : evidence from clinical, epidemiologic, and genetic studies", European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, 244(6), pp.297~303 (1995)
  34. Mui, P. H. C., "Contextualising smiles: Is perception of smile genuineness influenced by situation and culture?", Perception, 49(3), pp.357~366 (2020)
  35. Nakamura, M., "Relative contributions of expressive behavior and contextual information to the judgment of the emotional state of another", Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 59(5), pp.1032~1039 (1990)
  36. Niedenthal, P. M., "The Simulation of Smiles(SIMS)model : Embodied simulation and the meaning of facial expression", Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 33(6), pp.417~480 (2010)
  37. Korean facial expressions of emotion (KOFEE), "Park, J. Y.", Section of Affect & Neuroscience, Institute of Behavioral Science in Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, ~ (2011)
  38. Peirce, J. W., "PsychoPy—Psychophysics software in Python", Journal of Neuroscience Methods, 162(1-2), pp.8~13 (2007)
  39. Peirce, J., "PsychoPy2 : Experiments in behavior made easy", Behavior Research Methods, 51(1), pp.195~203 (2019)
  40. Radloff, L. S., "The CES-D scale : A self-report depression scale for research in the general population", Applied Psychological Measurement, 1(3), pp.385~401 (1977)
  41. Righart, R., "Context influences early perceptual analysis of faces : An electrophysiological study", Cerebral Cortex, 16(9), pp.1249~1257 (2006)
  42. Rychlowska, M., "Functional smiles : Tools for love, sympathy, and war", Psychological Science, 28(9), pp.1259~1270 (2017)
  43. Scherer, K. R., "Evidence for universality and cultural variation of differential emotion response patterning", Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 66(2), pp.310~328 (1994)
  44. Silvia, P. J., "Biased recognition of happy facial expressions in social anxiety", Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 25(6), pp.585~602 (2006)
  45. Sjåstad, H., "Social exclusion reduces happiness by creating expectations of future rejection", Self and Identity, 20(1), pp.116~125 (2021)
  46. James W. A. Strachan, "The role of emotion in the dyad inversion effect", PLOS ONE, 14(7), pp.e0219185~ (2019), Public Library of Science (PLoS)[DOI]
  47. Taylor, C. T., "Attentional bias away from positive social information mediates the link between social anxiety and anxiety vulnerability to a social stressor", Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 24(4), pp.403~408 (2010)
  48. Taylor, C. T., "Malleability of attentional bias for positive emotional information and anxiety vulnerability", Emotion, 11(1), pp.127~138 (2011)
  49. Tian, Y. L., "Handbook of face recognition", pp.247~275 (2005), Springer
  50. Van Zalk, N., "The importance of perceived care and connectedness with friends and parents for adolescent social anxiety", Journal of Personality, 83, pp.346~360 (2015)
  51. Vestner, T., "Bound together : Social binding leads to faster processing, spatial distortion, and enhanced memory of interacting partners", Journal of Experimental Psychology : General, 148, pp.1251~1268 (2019)
  52. Watson D., "Measurement of social-evaluative anxiety", Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 33(4), pp.448~457 (1969)
  53. Weeks, J. W., "Exploring the relationship between fear of positive evaluation and social anxiety", Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 22(3), pp.386~400 (2008)
  54. Weeks, J. W., "Comparing and contrasting fears of positive and negative evaluation as facets of social anxiety", Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 29(1), pp.68~94 (2010)
  55. Yang, J. -W., "Accurate but pathological : Social anxiety and ensemble coding of emotion", Cognitive Therapy and Research, 37(3), pp.572~578 (2013)
  56. Yoon, K. L., "Perceptual sensitivity and response bias in social anxiety : An application of signal detection theory", Cognitive Therapy and Research, 38(5), pp.551~558 (2014)
  57. Yoon, K. L., "Interpreting neutral faces as threatening is a default mode for socially anxious individuals", Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 117(3), pp.680~685 (2008)

관련 논문AI추천

사회불안이 웃음, 비웃음 지각에 미치는 영향: 우울 증상의 통제 효과양재원, 임효정한국건강심리학회 · 한국심리학회지: 건강2021 · 제26권 제3호사회불안과 미소지각: 신호탐지이론의 적용양재원, 이환희한국건강심리학회 · 한국심리학회지: 건강2018 · 제23권 제2호사회불안의 사회적 상황에 대한 해석편향: 얼굴표정과 음성의 혼합자극을 활용하여양재원, 유세은, 최지수한국건강심리학회 · 한국심리학회지: 건강2026 · 제31권 제1호맥락이 사회불안의 사회적 유능성 인식에 미치는 영향양재원, 최성영한국임상심리학회 · Korean Journal of Clinical Psychology2019 · 제38권 제4호사회불안과 군집 시선 지각의 편향강진원, 양재원한국임상심리학회 · Korean Journal of Clinical Psychology2020 · 제39권 제3호사회불안과 얼굴 군집의 평균 정서 추론 편향: 개인 간 정서 인식 차이를 반영하여권이레, 양재원, 최지수한국건강심리학회 · 한국심리학회지: 건강2025 · 제30권 제3호

이 간행물의 다른 논문 (11건)

COVID-19 시대 대규모 감정일기에서 관찰된 조망수용능력과 심리적, 정서적 특성의 관계: 군집분석을 사용한 접근정윤원, Sowon Hahn, 이윤경, 김지원pp. 1-25중년기 성인의 삶의 만족도 변화궤적연구이현엽, 최윤영, 강성록, 현승주pp. 27-39노인의 좌절된 소속감, 지각된 짐스러움, 습득된 자살 잠재력이 자살사고 및 자살시도에 미치는 영향에서 삶의 의미의 조절효과조해선, 배성만pp. 41-62사회비교 경향성과 주관적 안녕감의 관계: 문화적 자기로 조절된 물질주의 추구의 매개효과하창현, 이용건pp. 63-82노년기 적극적 참여활동이 우울에 미치는 영향: 정서변산성의 매개효과김향숙, 조명현pp. 83-106
원문 보기