사회불안이 웃음, 비웃음 지각에 미치는 영향: 우울 증상의 통제 효과
Effects of Social Anxiety on the Perception of Smiles and Sneers After Controlling for Depressive Symptoms
0
조회
0
다운로드
3
인용
0
참고문헌
키워드
초록
본 연구에서는 웃음과 비웃음의 얼굴표정을 지각하는 데 사회불안이 미치는 영향을 주관적 동등점(point of subjective equality)의 측정과 신호탐지이론(signal detection theory)을 적용해 알아보고자 하였다. 국내 대학(원)에 재학 중인 85명이 사회불안과 우울을 측정하는 자기보고식 설문과 컴퓨터를 활용한 실험에 참여하였다. 실험 자극으로는 웃음과 비웃음의 얼굴표정을 다양한 수준(웃음:비웃음의 비율 = 2:8, 3:7, 4:6, 5:5, 6:4, 7:3, 8:2)으로 몰핑한 것을 사용하였다. 실험에서는 몰핑된 얼굴표정 자극 하나가 짧은 시간 동안 제시된 후, 연구 참여자가 그 인물의 표정이 웃음인지 비웃음인지를 평정하는 일련의 절차가 반복되었다. 수집된 자료는 누적정규분포 함수에 곡선 맞춤을 하여 주관적 동등점을 산출하였으며, 신호탐지이론을 활용하여 지각적 민감도(d’)와 반응 기준(c)을 계산하였다. 상관분석 결과 사회불안의 정도가 주관적 동등점과는 정적 상관을, 반응 기준과는 부적 상관을 보여, 사회불안이 높을수록 웃음을 비웃음으로 판단하는 경향이 나타났다. 그러나 사회불안과 동반이환이 높은 우울을 공변인으로 통제할 경우, 이러한 통계적 유의성은 유의하지 않았다. 이는 웃음을 비웃음으로 판단하는 편향이 사회불안 증상과 관련이 있으나, 이것이 사회불안 특정적이라기보다 우울과 공유하는 특성일 가능성을 시사한다.
Abstract
The objecitve of this study was to investigate whether social anxiety could facilitate the discrimination between smiles and sneers by applying point of subjective equality (PSE) and signal detection theory (SDT). A total of 85 undergraduate and graduate participants completed self-report measures about social anxiety and depression symptoms. Thereafter, they participated in emotion recognition tasks through a computer-based experiment. Facial emotion stimuli were composed of smiling and sneering faces at different ratios (2:8, 3:7, 4:6, 5:5, 6:4, 7:3, and 8:2). Participants in each trial performed two alternative forced choice tasks where they had to categorized one facial stimulus as “smile” or “sneer”. We estimated PSEs by fitting the curve into the cumulative normal distribution function. By applying signal detection theory, we also examined sensitivity (d’) and response criterion (c) for each expression. Results indicated that levels of participants’ social anxiety were positively correlated with their PSEs but negatively correlated with response criterion. These results suggest that individuals with higher social anxiety are more likely judge smiles as sneers. However, these relations were not significant when depression levels were controlled, suggesting that such tendency might be a trait shared with depression rather than a unique characteristic of social anxiety.
참고문헌 (45)
- 김향숙, "사회공포증 하위 유형의 기억 편향", 석사, 임상·상담심리학, pp.2001
- 이정윤, "한국판 사회공포증 척도(K-SAD, K-FNE)의 신뢰도 및 타당도 연구", Korean Journal of Clinical Psychology, 16(2), pp.251~264 (1997)
- 이환희, "사회불안과 미소지각: 신호탐지이론의 적용", 한국심리학회지: 건강, 23(2), pp.571~581 (2018), 한국건강심리학회[DOI]
- 전겸구, "통합적 한국판 CES-D 개발", 한국심리학회지 : 건강, 6(1), pp.59~76 (2001)
- 최성영, "맥락이 사회불안의 사회적 유능성 인식에 미치는 영향", Korean Journal of Clinical Psychology, 38(4), pp.369~381 (2019), 한국임상심리학회
- Diagnostic and statistical manual for mental disorders, "American Psychiatric Association", American Psychiatric Publishing, ~ (2013)
- Asher, M., "Gender differences in social anxiety disorder : A review", Clinical Psychology Review, 56, pp.1~12 (2017)
- Bell, C., "The misclassification of facial expressions in generalised social phobia", Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 25(2), pp.278~283 (2011)
- Bouhuys, A. L., "Depressed patients' perceptions of facial emotions in depressed and remitted states are associated with relapse : a longitudinal study", The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 187(10), pp.595~602 (1999)
- Brown, T. A., "Current and lifetime comorbidity of the DSM-IV anxiety and mood disorders in a large clinical sample", Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 110(4), pp.585~599 (2001)
- Brettschneider, M., "Internetbased interpretation bias modification for social anxiety : A pilot study", Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 49, pp.21~29 (2015)
- Campbell, D. W., "Happy but not so approachable : The social judgments of individuals with generalized social phobia", Depression and Anxiety, 26(5), pp.419~424 (2009)
- Clark, D. M., "Information processing in social phobia", Biological Psychiatry, 51(1), pp.92~100 (2002)
- Coupland, N. J., "Positive and negative affect differentially influence identification of facial emotions", Depression and Anxiety, 19(1), pp.31~34 (2004)
- Darwin, C., "The expression of the emotions in man and animals" (1872), John Murray
- Ekman, P., "The universality of a contempt expression: A replication", Motivation and Emotion, 12(3), pp.303~308 (1988)
- Ekman, P., "Telling lies: Clues to deceit in the marketplace, politics, and marriage" (2001), W. W. Norton & Co
- Ekman, P., "Emotions revealed: Recognizing faces and feelings to improve communication and emotional life" (2003), Henry Holt and Company
- Gilboa-Schechtman, E., "Interpersonal sensitivity and response bias in social phobia and depression : Labeling emotional expressions", Cognitive Therapy and Research, 32(5), pp.605~618 (2008)
- Gutiérrez-García, A., "Social anxiety and interpretation of ambiguous smiles", Anxiety, Stress & Coping, 27(1), pp.74~89 (2014)
- Gutiérrez-García, A., "Social anxiety and perception of(un)trustworthiness in smiling faces", Psychiatry Research, 244, pp.28~36 (2016)
- Heinrichs, N., "Information processing in social phobia: A critical review", Clinical Psychology Review, 21(5), pp.751~770 (2001)
- Joormann, J., "Is this happiness I see? Biases in the identification of emotional facial expressions in depression and anxiety", Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 115(4), pp.705~714 (2006)
- Kashdan, T. B., "Social anxiety spectrum and diminished positive experiences : Theoretical synthesis and meta-analysis", Clinical Psychology Review, 27(3), pp.348~365 (2007)
- Kreifelts, B., ". They are laughing at me : Cerebral mediation of cognitive biases in social anxiety", PloS ONE, 9(6), pp.e99815~ (2014)
- Leary, M. R., "A brief version of the Fear of Negative Evaluation Scale", Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 9(3), pp.371~375 (1983)
- Macmillan, N. A., "Signal detection theory" (2005), Lawrence Erlbaum Assoicates
- Mattick, R. P., "Development and validation of measures of social phobia scrutiny fear and social interaction anxiety", Behaviour Research and Therapy, 36(4), pp.455~470 (1998)
- Mohlman, J., "Jumping to interpretations : Social anxiety disorder and the identification of emotional facial expressions", Behaviour Research and Therapy, 45(3), pp.591~599 (2007)
- Niedenthal, P. M., "The Simulation of Smiles(SIMS)model : Embodied simulation and the meaning of facial expression", Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 33(6), pp.417~480 (2010)
- Korean Facial Expressions of Emotion, "Park, J. Y.", Section of Affect & Neuroscience, Institute of Behavioral Science in Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, ~ (2011)
- Peirce, J. W., "PsychoPy—Psychophysics software in Python", Journal of Neuroscience Methods, 162(1-2), pp.8~13 (2007)
- Perugi, G., "Bipolar II and unipolar comorbidity in 153 outpatients with social phobia", Comprehensive Psychiatry, 42(5), pp.375~381 (2001)
- Peschard, V., "Overestimation of threat from neutral faces and voices in social anxiety", Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 57, pp.206~211 (2017)
- Provine, R. R., "Laughing, grooming, and pub science", Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 17(1), pp.9~10 (2013)
- Radloff, L. S., "The CES-D scale : A self-report depression scale for research in the general population", Applied Psychological Measurement, 1(3), pp.385~401 (1977)
- Rychlowska, M., "Functional smiles : Tools for love, sympathy, and war", Psychological Science, 28(9), pp.1259~1270 (2017)
- Schneider, F. R., "The social anxiety spectrum", Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 25(4), pp.757~774 (2002)
- Silvia, P. J., "Biased recognition of happy facial expressions in social anxiety", Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 25(6), pp.585~602 (2006)
- Stanislaw, H., "Calculation of signal detection theory measures", Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers, 31(1), pp.137~149 (1999)
- Swets, J. A., "Signal detection and recognition by human observers" (1964), Wiley
- Torro-Alves, N., "Facial emotion recognition in social anxiety : The influence of dynamic information", Psychology & Neuroscience, 9(1), pp.1~11 (2016)
- Watson, D., "Measurement of social-evaluative anxiety", Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 33(4), pp.448~457 (1969)
- Yang, J. -W., "Accurate but pathological : Social anxiety and ensemble coding of emotion", Cognitive Therapy and Research, 37(3), pp.572~578 (2013)
- Ziv, A., "The social function of humor in interpersonal relationships", Society, 47(1), pp.11~18 (2010)