본문 바로가기
KERD
논문KCI 등재

COVID-19 심리적 취약집단의 우울·불안이 인터넷 과의존에 미치는 영향: 지각된 사회적 지지의 매개효과를 중심으로

Internet Overdependence in the Vulnerable COVID-19 Patients: Focusing on the Mediating Effect of Perceived Social Support

김주은|오상은
한국건강심리학회 (Korean Health Psychological Association)|2023.05|한국심리학회지: 건강 (Korean Journal of Health Psychology)|제28권 제3호|pp. 735-755|DOI 10.17315/kjhp.2023.28.3.007

0

조회

0

다운로드

1

인용

0

참고문헌

키워드

COVID-19우울Depression취약성불안Anxiety코로나VulnerabilityCoronaPerceived Social Support지각된 사회적지지인터넷과의존Internet Overreliance
주제분류심리과학

초록

본 연구는 COVID-19 발생 이전 심리적 문제나 중독 행동 문제를 가지고 있던 사람들을 대상으로 코로나 기간 중 우울 및 불안이 인터넷 과의존에 미치는 경로에서 지각된 사회적 지지의 매개효과를 종단적으로 검증하였다. 이를 위해 코로나 발생 이전 정신적 문제 혹은 중독 문제로 진단 또는 상담을 받아본 경험이 있는 성인 140명을 모집하여(평균 연령=31.97, SD=8.94; 남성 30%) 6개월 간격의 두 차례 온라인 설문을 실시하였다. 각 변인의 측정을 위해 코로나의 영향, 한국판 환자건강설문지(PHQ-4), 사회적지지 척도(MSPSS) 및 성인 인터넷중독 자가진단 간략형척도(KS-A)가 사용되었다. 수집된 자료는 SPSS 26.0 프로그램을 이용하여 기술통계, 상관관계 분석을 실시하였으며, 위계적 회귀분석을 통해 매개효과를 검증하였다. 연구결과, 높은 수준의 우울·불안은 낮게 지각된 사회적 지지로 이어졌으며, 낮은 사회적 지지는 높은 인터넷 과의존으로 연결되는 완전매개효과가 나타났다. 이러한 연구 결과는 COVID-19 이전 심리적, 중독 행동에 대한 취약성이 있었던 사람들이 코로나 기간 동안 인터넷 과의존을 보일 수 있는 위험성이 크므로 이러한 개인에 대한 특별한 선별, 개입이 필요함을 의미한다. 따라서, 심리적 취약집단의 인터넷 과의존에 개입하기 위해 우울 및 불안수준을 경감시킬 수 있는 선행적 조치가 필요할 것이다. 또한, 취약집단의 우울·불안이 인터넷 과의존으로 이어지는 경로에서 지각된 사회적 지지의 역할이 중요하므로 심리치료 또는 심리상담과 같은 회기를 통해 사회적 지지를 지각하는 능력을 증진시킴으로써 인터넷 과의존 문제에 효과적으로 개입할 수 있음이 시사된다.

Abstract

In this study, we evaluated the mediating effect of perceived social support in the path of depression and anxiety on Internet dependence during the COVID-19 pandemic in people who had psychological or addiction behavior problems before the pandemic’s outbreak. We recruited 140 adults who had been diagnosed with or consulted for psychological or addiction problems before the outbreak of COVID-19 (average age=31.97, SD=8.94, male 30%), and conducted two online surveys every six months. For the measurement of each variable of COVID-19 impact, the Korean version of the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-4), the Social Support Scale (MSPSS), and the Adult Internet Addiction Self-Diagnosis Brief Scale (KS-A) were used. We conducted descriptive statistics and correlation analysis for the collected data using the SPSS 26.0 program and verified the mediating effect through hierarchical regression analysis. We found that high levels of depression and anxiety led to low perceived social support, and low social support showed a complete mediating effect that led to high Internet dependence. These findings suggest that people who were vulnerable to psychological and addiction behavior before COVID-19 were at high risk of becoming overdependent on the Internet because of COVID-19. Therefore, these individuals need special screening and intervention, and prior measures to reduce the level of depression and anxiety will be needed to intervene in the overreliance on the Internet of the psychologically vulnerable groups. Furthermore, it is suggested that since the role of perceived social support is important in the path where depression and anxiety in vulnerable groups lead to Internet overdependence, it can effectively intervene in Internet overdependence by enhancing the ability to perceive social support through sessions such as psychotherapy or psychological counseling.

참고문헌 (88)

  1. 김동진, "2022년 건강정책 전망과 과제", 보건복지포럼, (303), pp.25~41 (2022)
  2. 김태민, "대학생의 성인ADHD 성향과 인터넷 중독 간의 관계: 대인관계 문제의 매개효과를 중심으로", 한국심리학회지: 건강, 19(3), pp.813~828 (2014), 한국건강심리학회[DOI]
  3. "대한민국의학한림원 e-newsletter No.33"[URL]
  4. "대한민국의학한림원 e-newsletter No.34"[URL]
  5. 신준섭, "사회적 지지가 실직자의 심리사회적 안녕감에 미치는 영향에 관한 연구", 한국사회복지학, 37, pp.241~269 (1999)
  6. 이민영, "코로나로 디지털 중독 증가, 위험알리려 슬기로운 온택트 생활 캠페인", 중앙일보, S11~ (2021)
  7. 이소영, "코로나19로 인한 부정적 변화와 자존감, 인터넷 중독의 관계 : 20, 30대 청년을 중심으로", 한국중독범죄학회보, 11(2), pp.81~106 (2021), 한국중독범죄학회
  8. 전진아, "정신건강서비스 전달체계의 현황과 과제", 보건복지포럼, (282), pp.30~42 (2020)
  9. 청소년 인터넷 중독 자가진단 척도 개발 연구, "한국정보문화진흥원", 한국정보문화진흥원, ~ (2002)
  10. 인터넷 중독 실태조사, "한국정보문화진흥원", 한국정보화진흥원, ~ (2011)
  11. 인터넷중독 진단척도 고도화(3차)연구, "한국정보화진흥원", 한국정보문화진흥원, ~ (2011)
  12. Afifi M., "Gender differences in mental health", Singapore medical journal, 48(5), pp.385~391 (2007)
  13. Alavi, S. S., "Behavioral Addiction versus Substance Addiction : Correspondence of Psychiatric and Psychological Views", International journal of preventive medicine, 3(4), pp.290~294 (2012)
  14. Aylie, N. S., "the psychological impacts of covid-19pandemic among university students in Bench-Sheko Zone, south-west ethiopia: A community-based cross-sectional study", Psychology Research and Behavior Management, 13, pp.813~821 (2020)
  15. Baron, R. M., "The moderator –mediator variable distinction in social psychological research : Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations", Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51(6), pp.1173~1182 (1986)
  16. Beard, C., "Psychological vulnerability : An integrative approach", Journal of Psychotherapy Integration, 23(3), pp.281~283 (2013)
  17. Besalti, M., "Online learning satisfaction and internet addiction during covid-19pandemic : a two-wave longitudinal study", TechTrends, 66(5), pp.876~882 (2022)
  18. Jelena Blanuša, "Intolerance of Uncertainty and Fear of COVID-19 Moderating Role in Relationship Between Job Insecurity and Work-Related Distress in the Republic of Serbia", Frontiers in Psychology, 12, pp.647672~ (2021), Frontiers Media SA[DOI]
  19. Brailovskaia, J., "How to prevent side effects of social media use(SMU)? relationship between daily stress, online social support, physical activity and addictive tendencies – a longitudinal approach before and during the first covid-19 lockdown in Germany", Journal of Affective Disorders Reports, 5, pp.100144~ (2021)[DOI]
  20. Brailovskaia, J., "The relationship between daily stress, social support and Facebook Addiction Disorder", Psychiatry research, 276, pp.167~174 (2019)
  21. Brand, E. F., "A preventive, psychoeducational approach to increase perceived social support", American journal of community psychology, 23(1), pp.117~135 (1995)
  22. Ariadna Capasso, "Increased alcohol use during the COVID-19 pandemic: The effect of mental health and age in a cross-sectional sample of social media users in the U.S.", Preventive Medicine, 145, pp.106422~ (2021), Elsevier BV[DOI]
  23. Stefania Chiappini, "COVID-19: The Hidden Impact on Mental Health and Drug Addiction", Frontiers in Psychiatry, 11 (2020), Frontiers Media SA[DOI]
  24. Dani, J. A., "Nicotine addiction and comorbidity with alcohol abuse and mental illness", Nature neuroscience, 8(11), pp.1465~1470 (2005)
  25. Eagle, D. E., "Perceived social support, received social support, and depression among clergy", Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 36(7), pp.2055~2073 (2018)
  26. Elmer, T., "Depressive symptoms are associated with social isolation in face-to-face interaction networks", Scientific reports, 10(1), pp.1~12 (2020)
  27. Timon Elmer, "Students under lockdown: Comparisons of students’ social networks and mental health before and during the COVID-19 crisis in Switzerland", PLOS ONE, 15(7), pp.e0236337~ (2020), Public Library of Science (PLoS)[DOI]
  28. Susanna Every-Palmer, "Psychological distress, anxiety, family violence, suicidality, and wellbeing in New Zealand during the COVID-19 lockdown: A cross-sectional study", PLOS ONE, 15(11), pp.e0241658~ (2020), Public Library of Science (PLoS)[DOI]
  29. Goodman, F. R., "How do people with Social Anxiety Disorder manage daily stressors? deconstructing emotion regulation flexibility in daily life", Journal of Affective Disorders Reports, 6, pp.100210~ (2021)
  30. Fazeli, S., "Depression, anxiety, and stress mediate the associations between internet gaming disorder, insomnia, and quality of life during the COVID-19 outbreak", Addictive behaviors reports, 12, pp.100307~ (2020)
  31. Fernando, S., "The Friendship Bench as a brief psychological intervention with peer support in rural Zimbabwean women: A mixed methods pilot evaluation", Global Mental Health, 8, pp.e31~ (2021)
  32. Guo, J., "Social support as a mediator between internet addiction and quality of life among Chinese high school students", Children and Youth Services Review, 129, pp.106181~ (2021)
  33. Han, B., "Mental health conditions and receipt of mental health care by illicit lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) use status among young adults in the United States", Addiction, 117(6), pp.1794~1800 (2022)
  34. Hao, F., "Do psychiatric patients experience more psychiatric symptoms during COVID-19 pandemic and lockdown? A case-control study with service and research implications for Immunopsychiatry", Brain, Behavior, and Immunity, 87, pp.100~106 (2020)
  35. Hassan, T., "Prevalence and associated factors of internet addiction among young adults in Bangladesh", The Journal of the Egyptian Public Health Association, 95(1), pp.3~ (2020)
  36. Hodgins, D. C., "The impact of COVID-19 on gambling and gambling disorder : emerging data", Current opinion in psychiatry, 34(4), pp.332~343 (2021)
  37. Huang, Q., "Substance and Internet use during the COVID-19 pandemic in China", Translational psychiatry, 11(1), pp.491~ (2021)
  38. Huang, Y., "Generalized anxiety disorder, depressive symptoms and sleep quality during COVID-19 outbreak in China : a web-based cross-sectional survey", Psychiatry research, 288, pp.112954~ (2020)
  39. Humphries, A., "Acutely enhancing affective state and social connection following an online dance intervention during the COVID-19 Social Isolation Crisis", BMC Psychology, 11(1), pp.13~ (2023)
  40. Yu Jia, "The relationship between real-life social support and Internet addiction among the elderly in China", Frontiers in Public Health, 10, pp.981307~ (2022), Frontiers Media SA[DOI]
  41. Katerina V.-A. Johnson, "Pain tolerance predicts human social network size", Scientific Reports, 6(1), pp.25267~ (2016), Springer Science and Business Media LLC[DOI]
  42. Joiner, T. E., Jr., "The interpersonal-psychological theory of suicidal behavior indicates specific and crucial psychotherapeutic targets", International Journal of Cognitive Therapy, 1(1), pp.80~89 (2008)
  43. Kassaeva, P., "Anxiety, Depression, and Other Emotional Disorders during the COVID-19 Pandemic : A Narrative Review of the Risk Factors and Risk Groups", Encyclopedia, 2(2), pp.912~927 (2022)
  44. Khubchandani, J., "COVID-19 Pandemic and the Burden of Internet Addiction in the United States", Psychiatry International, 2(4), pp.402~409 (2021)
  45. Kendler, K. S., "Evidence for multiple genetic factors underlying the DSM-IV criteria for alcohol dependence", Molecular Psychiatry, 17(12), pp.1306~1315 (2011)
  46. Hyoun-Wook Kim, "Standardization of the Korean Version of the Patient Health Questionnaire-4 (PHQ-4)", Clinical Psychopharmacology and Neuroscience, 19(1), pp.104~111 (2021), 대한정신약물학회[DOI]
  47. Koob, G. F., "Neurobiology of addiction: a neurocircuitry analysis", The lancet. Psychiatry, 3(8), pp.760~773 (2016)
  48. Kroenke, K., "An ultra-brief screening scale for anxiety and depression : the PHQ-4", Psychosomatics, 50(6), pp.613~621 (2009)
  49. Kung, C. S., "Changes in internet use patterns among older adults in England from before to after the outbreak of the covid-19 pandemic", Scientific Reports, 13(1), pp.3932~ (2023)
  50. Samantha Arielle Lai, "Social support as a mediator in the relationship between perceived stress and nomophobia: An Investigation among Malaysian university students during the COVID-19 pandemic", Current Psychology, 42(25), pp.21659~21666 (2022), Springer Science and Business Media LLC[DOI]
  51. Langan, J. C., "Education for Developing and Sustaining a Health Care Workforce for Disaster Readiness", Nursing Administration Quarterly, 41(2), pp.118~127 (2017)
  52. Lee, J. -Y., "The double mediating effect of social isolation and emotional support on feelings of entrapment and motivation for recovery among Korean alcoholic inpatients", International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(9), pp.4710~ (2021)
  53. Lewinsohn, P. M., "Essential papers on depression", pp.150~172 (1974)
  54. Li, H., "Student stress and online shopping addiction tendency among college students in Guangdong Province, China : The mediating effect of the Social Support", International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 20(1), pp.176~ (2022)
  55. Li, Z., "Vicarious traumatization in the general public, members, and non-members of medical teams aiding in COVID-19 control", Brain, behavior, and immunity, 88, pp.916~919 (2020)
  56. Machin, A. J., "The brain opioid theory of social attachment: A review of the evidence", Behaviour, 148(9-10), pp.985~1025 (2011)
  57. Mari, E., "Gender differences in internet addiction : A study on variables related to its possible development", Computers in Human Behavior Reports, 9(5), pp.100247~ (2023)
  58. Phoenix K.H. Mo, "The role of social support on emotion dysregulation and Internet addiction among Chinese adolescents: A structural equation model", Addictive Behaviors, 82, pp.86~93 (2018), Elsevier BV[DOI]
  59. Kostas Mouratidis, "COVID-19, internet, and mobility: The rise of telework, telehealth, e-learning, and e-shopping", Sustainable Cities and Society, 74, pp.103182~ (2021), Elsevier BV[DOI]
  60. Il Bong Mun, "A longitudinal study of the impact of parental loneliness on adolescents' online game addiction: The mediating roles of adolescents’ social skill deficits and loneliness", Computers in Human Behavior, 136, pp.107375~ (2022), Elsevier BV[DOI]
  61. Soo-Hyun Nam, "Comparison of the Mental Health Impact of COVID-19 on Vulnerable and Non-Vulnerable Groups: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies", International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(20), pp.10830~ (2021), MDPI AG[DOI]
  62. Nuechterlein, K. H., "A heuristic vulnerability", stress model of schizophrenic episodes, 1984, pp.10(2), 300~312
  63. Emily B. O’Day, "Social media use, social anxiety, and loneliness: A systematic review", Computers in Human Behavior Reports, 3, pp.100070~ (2021), Elsevier BV[DOI]
  64. Daniëlle Otten, "Similarities and Differences of Mental Health in Women and Men: A Systematic Review of Findings in Three Large German Cohorts", Frontiers in Public Health, 9, pp.553071~ (2021), Frontiers Media SA[DOI]
  65. Ozbay, F., "Social support and resilience to stress: from neurobiology to clinical practice", Psychiatry (Edgmont (Pa. : Township)), 4(5), pp.35~40 (2007)
  66. Preacher, K. J., "SPSS and SAS procedures for estimating indirect effects in simple mediation models", Behavior research methods, instruments, & computers, 36(4), pp.717~731 (2004)
  67. Mengling Qiao, "Assessment of community vulnerability during the COVID-19 pandemic: Hong Kong as a case study", International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation, 113, pp.103007~ (2022), Elsevier BV[DOI]
  68. Roohafza, H. R., "What's the role of perceived social support and coping styles in depression and anxiety?", Journal of research in medical sciences : the official journal of Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, 19(10), pp.944~949 (2014)
  69. Rozgonjuk, D., "Disordered gaming, loneliness, and family harmony in gamers before and during the COVID-19 pandemic", Addictive Behaviors Reports, 15, pp.100426~ (2022)[DOI]
  70. Rajesh Sagar, "Is it correct to estimate mental disorder through online surveys during COVID-19 pandemic?", Psychiatry Research, 291, pp.113251~ (2020), Elsevier BV[DOI]
  71. Ziggi Ivan Santini, "Social disconnectedness, perceived isolation, and symptoms of depression and anxiety among older Americans (NSHAP): a longitudinal mediation analysis", The Lancet Public Health, 5(1), pp.e62~e70 (2020), Elsevier BV[DOI]
  72. "Mental health and substance use co-occurring disorders"[URL]
  73. Kristiana Siste, "The Impact of Physical Distancing and Associated Factors Towards Internet Addiction Among Adults in Indonesia During COVID-19 Pandemic: A Nationwide Web-Based Study", Frontiers in Psychiatry, 11, pp.580977~ (2020), Frontiers Media SA[DOI]
  74. Sobel, M. E., "Asymptotic confidence intervals for indirect effects in structural equation models", Sociological Methodology, 13, pp.290~312 (1982)
  75. Steger, M. F., "Depression and Everyday Social Activity, Belonging, and Well-Being", Journal of counseling psychology, 56(2), pp.289~300 (2009)
  76. Sukut, O., "The impact of COVID-19 pandemic on people with severe mental illness", Perspectives in psychiatric care, 57(2), pp.953~956 (2021)
  77. Sun, Y., "Brief Report : Increased Addictive Internet and Substance Use Behavior During the COVID-19 Pandemic in China", The American journal on addictions, 29(4), pp.268~270 (2020)
  78. Swendsen, J., "Mental disorders as risk factors for substance use, abuse and dependence : Results from the 10-year follow-up of the National Comorbidity Survey", Addiction, 105(6), pp.1117~1128 (2010)
  79. Tang, L., "Prevalence of post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms among patients with mental disorder during the COVID-19 pandemic", BMC psychiatry, 22(1), pp.1~11 (2022)
  80. Thakur, V., "Covid 2019-suicides: A global psychological pandemic", Brain, Behavior, and Immunity, 88, pp.952~953 (2020)
  81. Turner SB., "Resilience of nurses in the face of disaster", Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness, 9(6), pp.601~604 (2015)
  82. Vidot, D. C., "The COVID-19 cannabis health study : Results from an epidemiologic assessment of adults who use cannabis for medicinal reasons in the United States", Journal of Addictive Diseases, 39(1), pp.26~36 (2020)
  83. Wand, A. P., "Covid-19 : The implications for suicide in older adults", International Psychogeriatrics, 32(10), pp.1225~1230 (2020)
  84. Cuiyan Wang, "Immediate Psychological Responses and Associated Factors during the Initial Stage of the 2019 Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Epidemic among the General Population in China", International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(5), pp.1729~ (2020), MDPI AG[DOI]
  85. Wang, H. J., "Prevalence and risk factors of depression and anxiety among patients with convulsive epilepsy in rural West China", Acta neurologica Scandinavica, 138(6), pp.541~547 (2018)
  86. Wenzel, M., "Retributive and restorative justice", Law and Human Behavior, 32(5), pp.375~389 (2008)
  87. Han Xiao, "The Effects of Social Support on Sleep Quality of Medical Staff Treating Patients with Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) in January and February 2020 in China", Medical Science Monitor, 26, pp.e923549-1~ (2020), International Scientific Information, Inc[DOI]
  88. Zimet, G. D., "The Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support", Journal of Personality Assessment, 52(1), pp.30~41 (1988)

관련 논문AI추천

코로나19 시대 노인의 우울과 인터넷 중독의 관계에서 스마트폰 과의존의 매개효과이소영, 최유진인문사회 21 · 인문사회 212023 · 제14권 제1호코로나 19 발생 후 대학생의 사회적 고립이 우울에 미치는 영향: 인터넷 중독의 매개효과를 중심으로김자영, 백형의, 양정빈한국지식정보기술학회 · 한국지식정보기술학회 논문지2022 · 제17권 제6호중년여성의 우울과 인터넷 중독 관계에서 사회적지지의 조절효과 분석강선경, 차유정한국융합학회 · 한국융합학회논문지2022 · 제13권 제4호4･50대 중년 남성의 인터넷 중독이 우울에 미치는 영향: 가족 사회적지지의 매개효과를 중심으로문진영, 박지혜, 이성철인문사회 21 · 인문사회 212022 · 제13권 제6호코로나19 이후 청소년의 우울과 인터넷 과의존의 관계에서사회적 지지의 조절효과노승현인문사회 21 · 인문사회 212022 · 제13권 제6호대학생의 코로나 19 스트레스, 우울 및 대인관계문제가 SNS 중독경향성에 미치는 영향김민정, 박동윤한국아동가족복지학회 · 한국가족복지학2022 · 제27권 제4호

이 간행물의 다른 논문 (9건)

한국판 감정표현불능증 척도(TAS-20K)를 이용한 청년과 중장년 세대 간 감정표현불능 수준의 비교노치현, 이동훈, 권소영, 조승빈, 김해진pp. 601-622사회적 맥락에 따른 경계선 성격장애 경향군의 얼굴 표정 정서 인식 특성박혜주, 이상일, 장문선, 임종민pp. 623-644사회불안과 인지 및 정서적 공감양재원, 황예진pp. 645-656삽화적 미래사고 구체성과 불안 및 우울 간의 관계이아롱, 이훈진pp. 657-686거부민감성과 우울의 관계에서 부적응적 인지적 정서조절전략의 매개효과장혜인, 이예린pp. 687-716
원문 보기