해양법상 국가관할권이원지역(ABNJ)의 규율원칙
The Guiding Principle for the Areas Beyond National Jurisdiction under the UNCLOS
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국가관할권 이원의 해역에 존재하는 해양자원도 그 이용가능성이 현실화됨에 따라 이에 대한 법적 지위와 이용에 관한 법적 규율의 문제가 현안과제로 대두되고 있다. 새로운 과학기술의 등장과 발전으로 공해와 심해저 상의 해양자원에 대한 탐사 및 이용이 가능하게 되었고, 특히 해양유전자원을 이용한 산업과 생물공학 분야의 상업적 가치가 크게 주목받고 있다. 이에 대하여 잠재적으로 모든 국가에 의하여 개발이 가능한 것인지, 그 개발의 결실은 인류 전체에게 이익이 될 수 있는 ‘공동 관심사’로 이해되어야 하는지에 대한 이견이 존재하는 실정이다. 현재 해양상의 모든 활동에 대하여 1982년 채택된 UN해양법협약이 기본협약으로 기능하고 있다. 그러나 UN해양법회의 당시에는 해양환경 문제나 해양과학기술의 중요성은 크게 인식되지 못한 상태였으며, 국가관할권이원지역에 해당하는 해역에 존재하는 생물자원의 가치를 고려하지 못하였다. 특히 UN해양법협약은 공해지역과 심해저지역으로 구분하여 각각의 레짐을 설정하고 있어, 국가관할권이원지역에 대한 포괄적 법제를 구축하고 있지 않다. 공해레짐은 공해 수역 상의 모든 활동에 관하여 규율을 하는 것이고, 심해저 레짐은 심해저 광물자원의 이용과 보존에 관하여서 규율하고 있다. 해양유전자원은 공해나 심해저의 한 곳에 고착되어 있지 않은 유동적 특성을 가지기 때문에, 기존의 구분적 레짐으로 온전히 규율되는데에는 한계를 가지고 있다. 또한 UN해양법협약은 공해레짐과 심해저레짐을 독립적으로 규율하고 있어, 양 레짐 간의 이질성은 국가관할권이원지역을 하나의 대상으로 통합된 규율원칙 하에 다루기에 불충분한 한계를 보여 왔다. 이 논문은 국가관할권이원지역의 제도적 범위와 해당지역에 적용 가능한 UN해양법협약상의 규율원칙들을 분석함으로써, 국가관할권이원지역에 포괄적으로 적용될 수 있는 적정한 규율원칙을 도출하고자 한다.
Abstract
The marine resources existing in the Area Beyond National Jurisdiction became the concern of humans by the development of the science and technology and availability of the resources. Being possible to explore and exploit the resources on the high seas and the Area(Deep Sea Bed), the potential lucrative returns from the exploitation of marine genetic resources for industrial and other biotechnical applications anticipated. Different approaches on the marine resources beyond national jurisdiction has been insisted by the developed and developing countries respectively. Are the resources ‘resource of the countries exploiting and developing’ or ‘common heritage’? It has been one of the main issue of international law nowadays. The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea of 1982 has been functioned as a basic agreement on all activities of the mankind in the oceans. However, at the time of the UN Conference on the Law of the Sea, the importance of marine environmental issues was not fully recognized. The availability of biological resources existing in the oceans corresponding to the Area Beyond National Jurisdiction was not take into account and not reflected in the Convention at all. UN Convention on the Law of the Sea sets the respective regimes of the Area Beyond National Jurisdiction divided into the High seas and the Area. While ‘the freedom of the high seas’ governs all activities on the high seas, but ‘the common heritage of mankind’ regulates the conservation and usage of mineral resources on the Area. UN Convention on the Law of the Sea governs both regimes independently. Due to the fluid characteristics of the marine biological resources that are not adhered to a specific part of the high seas or the Area, there is a limit that can not be completely regulated by the existing rules and principles under the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea. Additionally, the heterogeneity between the High Seas regime and the Area regime has shown inadequate limits in dealing with Area Beyond National jurisdiction as a single object under the integrated principle. This paper examines to derive the appropriate guiding principle for the Area Beyond National Jurisdiction by calrifying the institutional scope of its area and the applicable principles under the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea.
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