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미국 균형예산제약이 재정성과에 미치는 영향 - 정부부패에 따른 영향을 중심으로

The impacts of budget balanced rules in U.S on fiscal outcomes depending on the corruption level

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주제분류사회과학일반

초록

미국의 주정부는 재정 건전성을 유지하기 위하여 재정준칙의 하나로 균형예산제약(balanced budget requirement; BBR)을 제도적으로 운영하고 있다. 균형예산제약은 주 헌법 또는 법에서 적자재정을 허용하지 않는 것으로 주정부 예산 운용에 있어서 제약으로 작용하기도 한다. 그동안 균형예산제약과 재정성과 간 관계를 다룬 연구들은 균형예산제약이 재정건전성에 미치는 효과와 경기조절효과에 미치는 영향의 관점에서 연구가 주로 이루어졌다. 따라서 본 연구는 기존 연구에서 다루지 않았던 주정부의 균형예산제약이 정부부패정도에 따라 재정성과에 어떻게 다른 영향을 미치는지를 살펴보고자 한다. 이를 위하여 1997-2016년 동안 48개의 미국 주정부를 대상으로 하여 System GMM(Generalized Method-of-Moments)을 활용하여 분석하였다. 연구결과 균형예산제약은 재정적자를 감소시켰으나 지출변동성은 증가시켰으며, 부패의 수준이 높은 정부에서는 균형예산제약이 적자를 줄이는데 부정적인 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 또한, 부패수준이 높은 경우에는 재정규율의 경직성이 덜 발휘되기 때문에 균형예산제약의 작동이 제대로 이뤄지지 않을 수 있음을 보여 주었다. 본 연구의 이러한 결과는 재정제도 도입 및 운영 시 우선적으로 정부 부패수준을 낮추기 위한 노력과 함께 투명성 있게 재정준칙이 운영될 수 있는 제도적인 뒷받침이 필요하다는 정책적 시사점을 제공한다.

Abstract

State governments in the U.S. have implemented balanced budget rules (BBRs), one of fiscal rules, for fiscal soundness. BBRs act as fiscal disciples in that, by law or constitution, they are not allowed to have deficits. Previous research has examined the impact of BBRs on fiscal outcomes in terms of fiscal stabilization and fiscal soundness. Thus, this study investigates the influence of BBRs on states’ fiscal outcomes depending on corruption level. Our study applied the system GMM model for the analysis using a data set from 48 states in the United States from 1997 to 2016. The results show that stringent BBRs tend to reduce deficit shocks, but increase fiscal volatility. With higher levels of corruption, BBRs are less likely reduce deficits and increase fiscal volatility. It indicates that BBRs don't work well under a corrupt system. Therefore, this study provides policy implications that government should make an effort to reduce the corruption level as well as to build institutional supports in advance in order to implement the fiscal rules transparently.

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