한국인의 사회자본과 이주민에 대한 태도: 선진 OECD 8개 회원국과 14개 개도국과의 비교
Koreans’ social capital and attitudes toward immigrants: Comparison with 8 advanced OECD member countries and 14 developing countries
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본 연구는 우리사회의 사회자본과 이주민에 대한 태도가 그 수준과 관계에 있어 선진국형에 가까운지 아니면 개도국형에 가까운지를 규명하는데 목적을 두었다. 이를 위해 세계가치조사(WVS)의 2017-2020년 자료를 바탕으로 선진국과 개도국 모두를 망라한 통합모델을 설정하여 우리사회의 사회자본과 이주민 태도의 수준과 관계구조를 진단해 보았다. 분석결과, ① 이주민에 대한 태도는 선진국형의 모습을 보였다. 이주민 수용성과 배타성 수준이 OECD 선진국보다는 못했으나 개도국보다는 우위를 보였고, 배타성 유발 요인도 경제적 위협에서 비롯되는 개도국과는 달리 OECD 선진국과 동일하게 사회적 위협이 주된 요인인 것으로 나타났다. ② 사회자본은 개도국형의 모습을 보였다. 개도국과 마찬가지로 낮은 일반신뢰, 가족이나 언론/방송 중심의 사회제도 신뢰, 법적 제재 약한 부문의 규범의식 미흡, 개방적 단체참여 부족이라는 문제를 보였다. ③ 사회자본과 이주민 태도의 관계는 OECD 선진국과 개도국의 조합된 형태를 보였다. 개방적 사회자본을 구성하는 일반신뢰, 제도신뢰, 단체참여가 이주민 수용성에는 긍정적, 배타성에는 부정적 영향을 미친다는 결과는 OECD 선진국과 유사했다. 반면, 폐쇄적 사회자본이 개방적 사회자본과 마찬가지로 이주민 수용성을 높이고, 배타성을 줄인다는 결과는 개도국과 유사하다. 이러한 결과를 토대로 본 연구는 우리사회의 이주민 태도 변화에 필요한 사회자본 개선 과제에 대해 논의하였다.
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine whether our society's social capital and attitudes toward immigrants are closer to those of developed countries or developing countries in terms of their level and relationship. To this end, based on the 2017-2020 data from the World Values Survey (WVS), this study established an integrated model covering both developed and developing countries to diagnose the level and relationship structure of social capital and attitudes toward immigrants in our society. As a result of the analysis, ① attitudes toward immigrants were similar to that of developed countries. The level of acceptance and exclusivity of immigrants was lower than that of OECD developed countries, but was superior to that of developing countries. In terms of factors causing exclusivity against immigrants, unlike developing countries where economic threats arise, social threats appear to be the main factor, just like in advanced OECD countries. ② Social capital showed a developing country type. Like developing countries, it showed problems such as low general trust, trust in social systems centered on family or media/broadcasting, lack of awareness of norms in sectors with weak legal sanctions, and lack of open group participation. ③ The relationship between social capital and attitudes toward immigrants showed a combination of OECD developed and developing countries. The results showing that general trust, institutional trust, and group participation, which constitute open social capital, have a positive effect on the acceptance of immigrants and a negative effect on exclusivity were similar to those of advanced OECD countries. On the other hand, the results showing that closed social capital increases the acceptance of immigrants and reduces exclusivity are similar to those in developing countries. Based on these results, this study discussed the tasks of improving social capital to change attitudes toward immigrants in our society.
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