중국어 상 표지 ‘過’의 의미, 통사적 특징과 부정 현상
Semantic, Syntactic features of Aspect Marker GUO and its negation in Mandarin Chinese
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Abstract
漢語的“過”是一種多義詞, 動詞“過”表示“經過物理空間或時間”的意義, 趨向補語“過”表示空間移動的方向, 體標記“過”表示過去的某種經驗。趙元任(1968)、Li&Thompson(1981)、Smith(1991, 1994)、楊素英(1995)、Ye(1993, 1996)等學者曾經對體標記“過”做過論述, 但迄今为止很少人從經驗範疇的角度硏究體標記“過”。崔圭鉢、鄭池秀(2007)從跨語言角度考察了韓漢經驗句的基本語義特征。本文進而試圖通過考察漢語經驗體標記“過”的語法化過程以及經驗體的語義條件、句法特征, 解釋體標記“過”(卽“過2”)與補語性“過”(卽“過1”)的種種差異以及體標記“過2”與“了1”在否定句中的不同表現。 崔圭鉢、鄭池秀(2007)指出經驗句應該滿足兩個語義條件, 卽“可重複性(Repeatability)”和“無定性-非特指性(Indefiniteness-Nonspecificity)”。過去的硏究當中往往把表示完成的“過1”也歸入爲經驗體標記, 但“過1”不能滿足經驗句的語義條件, 因此我們把“過1”稱作補語性“過”。 補語性“過2”和經驗體標記“過2”在句法表現上也有很多不同之處。其整理如下: (1) 它們跟移動動詞結合起來表示的句法意義各不相同 (2) 它們跟非移動性動作動詞結合起來表示的句法意義也不相同 (3) “過1”能出現在“把”字句裏, 顯示出相對較高的及物性(Transitivity), 但“過2”不能出現在“把”字句裏 (4) “過1”能與“了1”一起出現, 但“過2”則不能, “過1”和“了2”的共現沒有任何制約, 但 “過2”只有在帶有表示時段或動作量的成分的句子裏才能跟“了2”一起出現 (5) “過1”一般不能出現在否定句裏, “過2”沒有這種限制, 並且“沒V過2”的出現頻率比較高 (6) 在語法化過程中更爲虛化的“過2”主觀性比補語性“過1”較彊。 “了1”和“過2”都屬于“完成體”, 但它們的體意義、句法特征、篇章功能也不一樣。“過1”和“過2”都從同一個詞演變而來, 但它們之間也存在着很多不一致性。我們把這些問題與否定現象聯系起來並對“過1”和“過2”、“過1”和其它結果補語、“過2”和“了1”的否定問題加以解釋。
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