중앙아시아 자디드 운동과 러시아 혁명

Abstract

The primary focus in this article is the intellectual and politicaltrajectory of Central Asian intellectuals, the 'Jadids," from 1917 to1920. Through a close reading of several key texts by Jadids, weseek to outline the Jadids' shift from reform to revolution in thisperiod. The revolution marked a turning point in the history of CentralAsian Jadidism. Three years following 1917 were the period of intenseupheaval during which the entire social and political order in theformer Russian empire was reconstructed in a multifaceted struggle ofvarious social groups. For the Jadids these period was transformativeof both their world view and their strategies. They succeeded inbecoming active agents in the contests over the reestablishment ofstate order in Central Asia, in which the future of Central Asia wasdefined. When the exclusionary policies of the Tashkent Sovietchanged under pressure from the central government, a remarkableconcatenation of circumstances allowed the Jadids to first enter, andthen briefly take over the new institutions of power being created bythe Soviet regime in Turkestan. Although the attempt was unsuccessful, the state had come to play a significant role in Jadidstrategies. Although the Jadids continued to blame ignorance for theills of their society, and struggles in the realm of culture andeducation remained at the forefront of their agenda, they had realizedthat new methods were required in the new era. Years of exhortationhad produced scanty results. As Soviet attitudes changed, the Jadidscame to see the state not as an enemy but as an instrument ofchange. The new regime was quite different from the old, andpresented its own opportunities and constraints. Jadid strategiesaccordingly shifted in the years after 1917. The revolution providedthe chance for a politicized and radicalized cultural elite to win controlof the destiny of the nation. Since autumn 1917, earlier Jadidexhortations to seek admonition from the "civilized" nations of Europegave a way to a bitter anti-imperialism. This anti-imperialism had itsown revolutionary logic, one in which class was replaced by nationand which shared fully in the iconoclastic mood of the moment. TheJadids found much to admire in the Bolsheviks and their methods.