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유대인, 이스라엘과 이란의 전략적 관계

Jews, The Strategic Relationship between Israel and Iran

홍미정
한국이슬람학회 (Korean Association Of The Islamic Studies)|2022.06|한국이슬람학회논총 (Annals of Korean Association of the Islamic Studies)|제32권 제2호|pp. 31-80

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유대인JewsIran이스라엘Israel이란시온주의Zionism이란 핵문제이란 이슬람혁명Iranian Islamic RevolutionIran Nuclear Issue
주제분류종교학

초록

1979년 이란 이슬람혁명을 계기로 무함마드 레자 팔레비의 親이스라엘 정책이 호메이니의 反이스라엘 정책으로 급변했다는 것은 일반적으로 알려진 사실이다. 이슬람 혁명 직후, 이란 유대인의 2/3가 고국을 떠나 이스라엘, 미국, 유럽으로 이주한 것으로 알려졌다. 이들은 이란이슬람공화국의 反시온주의정책에 의해서 강제 추방당한 난민인가? 더 나은 생활 조건을 찾아 나선 자발적인 이주민인가? 공식적으로 이란이슬람공화국은 이스라엘과의 외교적, 상업적 관계를 단절했고, 이스라엘을 합법적인 국가로 인정하지 않는다. 그러나 이스라엘은 1980년부터 1988년까지 거의 8년 동안 계속된 이란/이라크 전쟁에서 무기 지원 등으로 이란 편에 섰다. 호메이니 통치 기간에 이란이 수입한 무기 중 약 80%가 이스라엘을 통해서 들어왔다. 무기는 정권 유지 및 강화에 필수적인 요소이고, 무기거래는 국가 간 동맹의 핵심적인 동력이며 상징이다. 사실 이스라엘과 이란이슬람공화국은 각각은 역내 동맹을 결집시키기 위하여 상대방에게 맞서는 선동적인 발언과 수사적 갈등을 분출함으로써 양측의 실질적인 관계 파악을 어렵게 한다. 본 연구는 먼저 유대인들의 국외 이주 원인을 정확하게 파악하기 위하여, 이란 유대 공동체의 변화를 분석한다. 즉 샤 무함마드 레자 팔레비 시대의 번영하는 유대인 공동체, 1979년 이슬람혁명과 이란 유대인 공동체를 조사 분석한다. 다음으로 이스라엘과 이란의 변화하는 전략적 관계를 이해하기 위해 이스라엘과 두 정권, 샤 무함마드 레자 팔라비와 아야톨라 호메이니의 관계를 각각 분석한다. 마지막으로 최근 불거진 이란 핵문제와 이란-이스라엘 관계를 분석함으로써 향후 이란이슬람공화국과 이스라엘 관계를 전망한다.

Abstract

It is generally known that in the wake of the Islamic Revolution in Iran in 1979, Muhammad Reza Pahlavi's pro-Israel policy abruptly changed to Khomeini's anti-Israel policy. Shortly after the Islamic Revolution, two-thirds of Iranian Jews reportedly left their homeland and moved to Israel, the United States and Europe. Are these refugees forcibly deported by the anti-Zionist policy of the Islamic Republic of Iran? Are they voluntary migrants in search of a better living conditions? Officially, the Islamic Republic of Iran has severed diplomatic and commercial relations with Israel and does not recognize Israel as a legitimate state. However, Israel sided with Iran in the Iran/Iraq War, which lasted for nearly eight years from 1980 to 1988, including arms support. During Khomeini's reign, about 80% of the arms imported by Iran came through Israel. Weapons are an essential element for maintaining and strengthening the regime, and arms trade is a key driving force and symbol of alliances between countries. In fact, Israel and the Islamic Republic of Iran issue inflammatory remarks and rhetorical conflicts against each other in order to mobilize regional alliances, making it difficult to grasp the actual relationship between the two sides. To accurately grasp the causes of the migration of Jews, this paper first examines the changes in the Iranian Jewish community: Prosperous Jewish community in the era of Shah Muhammad Reza Pahlavi, Islamic Revolution in 1979 and Iranian Jews. Next, to understand the changing strategic relationship between Israel and Iran, the relationships between Israel and two regimes, Shah Muhammad Reza Pahlavi, Ayatollah Khomeini respectively are analyzed. Finally by analyzing the recent Iran nuclear issue and Iran-Israel relations, the future relationship between the Islamic Republic of Iran and Israel is to be predicted.

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