匈奴係 鑣轡의 확산과 고대 동아시아의 기마 문화 수용
The Spreading of Xiongnu-Style Horse Bits and the Adoption of Horseback-riding Culture in Ancient East Asia
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In ancient East Asia in the period between the 3rd century B.C. and the 3rd century A.D., single-jointed iron bits, made by connecting two pieces of iron rods without twisting them, were introduced in the realm of the Xiongnu that consolidated the nomadic peoples of the Eurasian region. The most notable feature of these bits is the adoption of a new component, i.e., the use of a short connector joint that is attached to a rein. This can be construed as having been designed to enable a firmer grip on the reins when battling on horseback. It was intended to give more maneuverability to those on horseback, thus making it possible for them to achieve a higher level of horsemanship. On the other hand, the use of double-jointed bronze bits with three mouthpieces became widespread in the Central Plain areas of the Han Dynasty. This type can be interpreted as having been designed to enhance the controllability of a horse by adding a protruding bump in the middle of a bit to make a stronger stimulation on the tongue of the horse. This type has diverse shapes and decorative patterns, emphasizing its ornamental aspect. This paper surveys the types, production techniques, and components of horse bits found in the ancient East Asian region in the period between the 3rd century B.C. and the 3rd century A.D. and finds that "Xiongnu-style horse bits" based on the tradition of the pastoral nomadic culture coexisted with "Han-style horse bits" influenced by the Central Plain culture of China, and that these two types of horse bits vary in their production techniques and components, and their geographical distribution. The use of horseback riding and horse bits by pastoral nomads predates the time of the Xiongnu, but its seems likely that the presence of the Xiongnu's nomadic empire, in which cultural and material exchange via trade and confrontation was regarded as a highly important asset for the operation of society, played a pivotal role in spreading their skills and techniques throughout the regions including Northeast Asia.
Abstract
In ancient East Asia in the period between the 3rd century B.C. and the 3rd century A.D., single-jointed iron bits, made by connecting two pieces of iron rods without twisting them, were introduced in the realm of the Xiongnu that consolidated the nomadic peoples of the Eurasian region. The most notable feature of these bits is the adoption of a new component, i.e., the use of a short connector joint that is attached to a rein. This can be construed as having been designed to enable a firmer grip on the reins when battling on horseback. It was intended to give more maneuverability to those on horseback, thus making it possible for them to achieve a higher level of horsemanship. On the other hand, the use of double-jointed bronze bits with three mouthpieces became widespread in the Central Plain areas of the Han Dynasty. This type can be interpreted as having been designed to enhance the controllability of a horse by adding a protruding bump in the middle of a bit to make a stronger stimulation on the tongue of the horse. This type has diverse shapes and decorative patterns, emphasizing its ornamental aspect. This paper surveys the types, production techniques, and components of horse bits found in the ancient East Asian region in the period between the 3rd century B.C. and the 3rd century A.D. and finds that "Xiongnu-style horse bits" based on the tradition of the pastoral nomadic culture coexisted with "Han-style horse bits" influenced by the Central Plain culture of China, and that these two types of horse bits vary in their production techniques and components, and their geographical distribution. The use of horseback riding and horse bits by pastoral nomads predates the time of the Xiongnu, but its seems likely that the presence of the Xiongnu's nomadic empire, in which cultural and material exchange via trade and confrontation was regarded as a highly important asset for the operation of society, played a pivotal role in spreading their skills and techniques throughout the regions including Northeast Asia.
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