유라시아대륙 동물형 대구의 특징과 기원 문제
Characteristics and origin problems of animal-shaped belt hooks from the Eurasian continent
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In the 1st century BC - 4 c. AD in the southeastern and mid-western regions of Korea, animal-shaped belt hooks in the form of a tiger and a horse were widely used. By the way, animal-shaped belt hooks have been found not only in Korea, but also in other regions of the Eurasian continent. In this regard, in Korean scientific community there was a tendency to consider Korean animal-shaped belt hooks as having the origin in the nomadic cultures of the steppes of Northern Eurasia or in China. However, the analysis of the totality of the Eurasian animal-shaped belt hooks has not yet been carried out. This article collects and analyzes animal-shaped belt hooks from the Eurasian continent from China in the east to Ukraine in the west, presented in scientific community so far. First, the author determined the areas of distribution of animal-shaped belt hooks: in addition to the Korean region, these are the Sayan-Altai region, the southwestern region of Ural, the northern Circumpontic (Circum-Black Sea) region and the Chinese region. Then the author presented a short description of all animal-shaped belt hooks for specific sites. The total number of animal-shaped belt hooks analyzed by the author is 148 pieces: the Sayan-Altai region - 7 pieces, the southwestern region of the Urals - 19 pieces, the northern Circumpontic region - 45 pieces, the Chinese region - 77 pieces. Further, the author studied the signs of animal-shaped belt hooks from each region of the Eurasian continent, identified their types according to the signs of the degree of expression of the body of animals and the relative position of the bar and plate of the belt hooks. In addition, subtypes are also divided, taking into account such signs: the bar is connected with which part of the animal's body, whether the tail of the animal plays the role of the bar, etc. Through such an analysis is possible to find out the common features and differences between animal-shaped belt hooks from each region. Then we considered the question of the origin of animal-shaped belt hooks from each region. It turns out that animal-shaped belt hooks originally appeared in the territory of the Yuhuangmiao culture of Northern China. However, we believe that animal-shaped belt hooks from the Yuhuangmiao culture are not distributed in all regions of the Eurasian continent, because animal-shaped belt hooks from the Sayan-Altai region, the southwestern region of Ural and the northern Black Sea region fundamentally differ from Yuhuangmiao culture’s ones in many ways, including the direction the bent end of the bar is facing. We think that the region of Sayan-Altai is the place of origin of other line of animal-shaped belt hooks, different from those of the Yuhuangmiao culture. The author also considered the question of the origin of Korean animal-shaped belt hooks. The animal-shaped belt hooks in the form of a tiger and a horse from Korea belong to the type of a belt hook with a whole animal body and a horizontal bar. They have much in common in structure with the same type of animal-shaped belt hooks from the Eurasian continent. But apparently, the direct source of Korean belt hooks in the form of a tiger, as already noted by various researchers, should be found in the same type of belt hooks from the Chinese region of the Western Han era. As for the Korean belt hooks in the form of a horse, their origin is closely related to the belt hooks with the whole body of an animal and with a horizontal bar connected to a part of the chest, found among occasional finds from the Chinese region at the north of the Yangtzi River.
Abstract
In the 1st century BC - 4 c. AD in the southeastern and mid-western regions of Korea, animal-shaped belt hooks in the form of a tiger and a horse were widely used. By the way, animal-shaped belt hooks have been found not only in Korea, but also in other regions of the Eurasian continent. In this regard, in Korean scientific community there was a tendency to consider Korean animal-shaped belt hooks as having the origin in the nomadic cultures of the steppes of Northern Eurasia or in China. However, the analysis of the totality of the Eurasian animal-shaped belt hooks has not yet been carried out. This article collects and analyzes animal-shaped belt hooks from the Eurasian continent from China in the east to Ukraine in the west, presented in scientific community so far. First, the author determined the areas of distribution of animal-shaped belt hooks: in addition to the Korean region, these are the Sayan-Altai region, the southwestern region of Ural, the northern Circumpontic (Circum-Black Sea) region and the Chinese region. Then the author presented a short description of all animal-shaped belt hooks for specific sites. The total number of animal-shaped belt hooks analyzed by the author is 148 pieces: the Sayan-Altai region - 7 pieces, the southwestern region of the Urals - 19 pieces, the northern Circumpontic region - 45 pieces, the Chinese region - 77 pieces. Further, the author studied the signs of animal-shaped belt hooks from each region of the Eurasian continent, identified their types according to the signs of the degree of expression of the body of animals and the relative position of the bar and plate of the belt hooks. In addition, subtypes are also divided, taking into account such signs: the bar is connected with which part of the animal's body, whether the tail of the animal plays the role of the bar, etc. Through such an analysis is possible to find out the common features and differences between animal-shaped belt hooks from each region. Then we considered the question of the origin of animal-shaped belt hooks from each region. It turns out that animal-shaped belt hooks originally appeared in the territory of the Yuhuangmiao culture of Northern China. However, we believe that animal-shaped belt hooks from the Yuhuangmiao culture are not distributed in all regions of the Eurasian continent, because animal-shaped belt hooks from the Sayan-Altai region, the southwestern region of Ural and the northern Black Sea region fundamentally differ from Yuhuangmiao culture’s ones in many ways, including the direction the bent end of the bar is facing. We think that the region of Sayan-Altai is the place of origin of other line of animal-shaped belt hooks, different from those of the Yuhuangmiao culture. The author also considered the question of the origin of Korean animal-shaped belt hooks. The animal-shaped belt hooks in the form of a tiger and a horse from Korea belong to the type of a belt hook with a whole animal body and a horizontal bar. They have much in common in structure with the same type of animal-shaped belt hooks from the Eurasian continent. But apparently, the direct source of Korean belt hooks in the form of a tiger, as already noted by various researchers, should be found in the same type of belt hooks from the Chinese region of the Western Han era. As for the Korean belt hooks in the form of a horse, their origin is closely related to the belt hooks with the whole body of an animal and with a horizontal bar connected to a part of the chest, found among occasional finds from the Chinese region at the north of the Yangtzi River.
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