高句麗 地名 ‘濟次巴衣’의 ‘濟次’와 알타이 語族 假說

Abstract

This paper attempts to reconstruct a Goguryeoic word Jecha(濟次) contained in Jechapaeui-hyeon(濟次巴衣縣) renamed into Gongam-hyeon(孔巖縣), which appears in Samguksagi(三國史記). Most scholars including Gang(1975), Lee(1972), and Beckwith(2004) saw that the putative Goguryeoic word Jecha(濟次) means ‘hole’(孔). However, it is unthinkable that the word Jecha(濟次) means ‘hole’(孔). The phonetic form Jecha(濟次) has no hints about its meaning in Korean, though it is agreed that the relation between sound and meaning of a particular word is not always in the intuition of an intellectual Korean native speaker. In addition, the Goguryeoic has another word Gapi(甲比) meaning ‘hole’(穴). This paper sees that the Chinese letter 孔(Gong) of Gongam-hyeon(孔巖縣) could be a corrupt form of 乳(Yu), due to the error intervened in the process of data collections and transcriptions. The Chinese letter 孔(Gong) and 乳(Yu) are very similar in form, especially in the writing style(草書體), and the sound Jecha(濟次) also suggests the meaning of 乳(Yu) ‘breast’ or ‘milk’. The most powerful evidence for this reading is a rock suggesting 乳(Yu), found in the District of Yangcheon(陽川區), the modern Jechapaeui- hyeon(濟次巴衣縣). Now the phonetic form of jecha(齊次) reconstructed as *ʦyəʦi can be properly read with the meaning of 乳(Yu). This form *ʦyəʦi is directly comparable with the Old Japanese *titi ‘breast’ or ‘milk’. These two forms could be both comprised in the Abstract Reconstructed Form(ARF) *TVDW’, where *T can be represented by distinctive features like [+consonantal, +anterior, +coronal], *V [+vocalic, -back, -low], *D [+consonantal, +anterior, +coronal], and *W [+vocalic, -back, -low]. The Goguryeoic forms *T and *D in the *TVDW show palatalizations somewhat distinct from those of the Old Japanese. This difference between Goguryeoic and Old Japanese can be seen as particular development in particular languages. The other Altaic forms meaning ‘breast’ or ‘milk’ could be also comprised in the ARF *TVDW. The proto-Tungusic *ča(i)ʒ̆a-n, proto- ongolic *čeɣeʒ̆i, Proto-Turkic *čičīg(/*čɨčɨ̄g) meaning ‘breast’ show more impressive similarity than the forms indicating ‘milk’. These forms are not perfectly identical, but the ARF approach applying distinctive features can fulfil the explanatory power, by considering the skeletal frame like *TVDW. Recently, the Altaic Theory is under the severe attack from the anti-Altaicists. However, the details of the comparisons shown above tell us that the Altaic Theory has not yet been fully appreciated.