코발트의 제련과 리사이클링
Extractive Metallurgy and Recycling of Cobalt
2
조회
0
다운로드
0
인용
0
참고문헌
키워드
초록
Cobalt is a vital metal in the modern society because of its applications in lithium-ion batteries, super alloys, hard metals, and catalysts. Further, cobalt is a representative rare metal and is the 30th most abundant element in the Earth’s crust. This study reviews the current status of cobalt extraction and recycling processes, along with the trends in its production amount and use. Although cobalt occurs in a wide range of minerals, such as oxides and sulfides of copper and nickel ores, the amounts of cobalt in the minerals are too low to be extracted economically. The Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) leads cobalt mining, and accounts for 68.9 % of the global cobalt reserves (142,000 tons in 2020). Cobalt is mainly extracted from copper–cobalt and nickel–cobalt concentrates and is occasionally extracted directly from the ore itself by hydro-, pyro-, and electro-metallurgical processes. These smelting methods are essential for developing new recycling processes to extract cobalt from secondary resources. Cobalt is mainly recycled from lithium-ion batteries, spent catalysts, and cobalt alloys. The recycling methods for cobalt also depend on the type of secondary cobalt resource. Major recycling methods from secondary resources are applied in pyro- and hydrometallurgical processes.
Abstract
Cobalt is a vital metal in the modern society because of its applications in lithium-ion batteries, super alloys, hard metals, and catalysts. Further, cobalt is a representative rare metal and is the 30th most abundant element in the Earth’s crust. This study reviews the current status of cobalt extraction and recycling processes, along with the trends in its production amount and use. Although cobalt occurs in a wide range of minerals, such as oxides and sulfides of copper and nickel ores, the amounts of cobalt in the minerals are too low to be extracted economically. The Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) leads cobalt mining, and accounts for 68.9 % of the global cobalt reserves (142,000 tons in 2020). Cobalt is mainly extracted from copper–cobalt and nickel–cobalt concentrates and is occasionally extracted directly from the ore itself by hydro-, pyro-, and electro-metallurgical processes. These smelting methods are essential for developing new recycling processes to extract cobalt from secondary resources. Cobalt is mainly recycled from lithium-ion batteries, spent catalysts, and cobalt alloys. The recycling methods for cobalt also depend on the type of secondary cobalt resource. Major recycling methods from secondary resources are applied in pyro- and hydrometallurgical processes.
참고문헌 (25)
- D. Lindsay, , Nature Chemistry, 3, pp.494~ (2021)
- M. E. Weeks, , J. Chem. Educ, 9, pp.22~ (1932)
- O. Pourret, "Cobalt, Encyclopedia of Geochemistry", pp.1~ (2016), Springer International Publishing
- H.-S. Sohn, "Recycling of Common Metals", pp.17~ (2020), KNU Press
- 손호상, "텅스텐의 제련과 리사이클링 현황", 한국분말재료학회지, 28(4), pp.342~351 (2021), 한국분말재료학회
- 손호상, "니켈 제련기술의 현황", 자원리싸이클링, 30(2), pp.3~13 (2021), 한국자원리싸이클링학회[DOI]
- "USGS"[URL]
- K. B. Shedd, "Mineral Commodity Summaries 2021", USGS, 50~ (2021)
- M. Akahori, , Kinzoku-shigen repoto (JOGMEC), 49, pp.1~ (2019)
- T. Schmidt, , Resour. Conserv. Recycl, 112, pp.107~ (2016)
- Q. Dehaine, , Miner. Eng, 160, pp.106656~ (2021)
- Frank K. Crundwell, "Davenport: Extractive Metallurgy of Nickel, Cobalt and Platinum-Group Metals", pp.386~ (2011), Elsevier
- H.-S. Sohn, "Recycling of Common Metals", pp.188~ (2020), KNU Press
- KCC 2017 NI 43-101 Technical Report, "T. Usmani", 82~ (2017)
- R. Laucournet, "Li-ion Batterires Recycling", ELIBAMA, 1~ (2014)
- T. Georgi-Maschler, , J. Power Sources, 207, pp.173~ (2012)
- S. H. Joo, , J. Eng. Manuf, 229, pp.212~ (2015)
- B. Friedrich, "Processing of Li-based Electric Vehicle Batteries for Maximized Recycling Efficiency", Porc. 16th ICBR (2011)
- L. Zeng, , Hydrometallurgy, 98, pp.1~ (2009)
- V. V. S. Prasad, , ISIJ Inter, 36, pp.1459~ (1996)
- C. M. Díaz, "The Canadian Metallurgical & Materials Landscape 1960 to 2011", pp.342~ (2011), MET SOC
- C. J. Ferron, "Ni-Co 2013", pp.53~ (2013), Springer
- R. R. Srivastava, , J Mater. Sci, 49, pp.4671~ (2014)
- H. A. Petersen, , Mater. Adv, 2, pp.1113~ (2021)