미국의 교정사고 현황과 대책
Prison violence and inmate misconducts in the U.S, Correctional Institutions
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초록
교도소 내에서 발생하는 다양한 사건과 사고는 교정행정의 원활한 운영과 수용자의 교정과 사회복귀에 부정적인 영향을 줄 뿐만 아니라 수용자와 직원의 가족, 나아가 전체 사회에도 영향을 준다. 따라서 정확한 실태와 원인규명, 그리고 대책을 찾아내는 것은 교정행정의 원활한 운영뿐 아니라 전체사회의 안전과 평안을 위해서도 매우 중요한 일이다. 미국의 경우 다양한 교도소 폭력과 도주, 자살 등이 발생하고 있으며 이에 대한 다양한 대책이 강구되고 있다. 우리나라와는 달리 “교정사고”라는 용어를 사용하고 있지는 않고 교도소 폭력이나 수용자 규율위반행위 등 다양한 용어가 사용되고 있으며, 교도소 수용자에 대한 정기적인 센서스와 피해자 조사 등을 통해 교도소 폭력과 사건의 규모를 이해하고자 하고 있다. 본 논문에서는 먼저 미국 교도소에서 발생하고 있는-우리의 “교정사고”라는 개념에 상응하는-행위유형과 공식적 정의 등을 살펴본 후 미국 형사사법정보서비스와 교정연구소, 그리고 여러 주의 교정국 자료 등을 통해 교도소 내에서 발생하는 각종 사건과 사고의 현황을 알아보았다. 폭력(수용자간 폭력과 수용자와 교도관 사이에서 발생하는 폭력), 성폭력, 도주, 난동, 자살, 사망사고(병사)의 최근추세를 여러 가지 자료를 통해 제시하면서 이와 함께 미국 교정당국의 교정사고에 대한 대응에서 특징적인 요소들을 알아보고 그 시사점을 찾아보았다.
Abstract
This article deals with various prison violence and incidents occurred in the U.S. correctional institutions using recent official statistics offered by federal and state levels agencies. Unlike the term "correctional accidents" that we use for describing violence, escapes, disturbances, homicide, and homicide, there is no such term in American correctional system. Instead, terms such as prison violence, prison disorder, prison emergency or inmate misconducts are used for cover those incidents and events within prison facilities. Most of data shown in this article come from official statistics, issue reports, special reports published by Bureau of Justice Statistics and the National Institute of Corrections. Major findings are as follows; First, prison violence tends to increase recently in terms of the number and rates of incidents. Both national level and state level statistics show this trend. Second, the rates of homicide and suicide show a sharp decrease in recent years. On the other hand, deaths by various illness increase and the top causes of deaths by illness are heart diseases and cancer. Deaths by AIDS tend to decrease since the mid 1990s due to the advance of new medicine. Third, major disturbances in which more then 5 inmates are involved and accompany serious injury and property damage appears to increase. Finally, sexual violence between inmates-inmates and inmates-staff becomes hot issue in the U.S. prison today. With these findings, the article provides some implications for preventing and effectively deterring prison violence and inmate misconducts in our prison system.
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