18세기 ‘問情別單’을 통해 본중국 漂着 濟州人의 漂還 실태

Abstract

Pyohwanin(漂還人, a returnee from drift), who is also called Pyoin(漂人, a drifter), refers to a person who has returned from being adrift on the sea. Pyohwanin Munjeongbyeoldan is largely composed of the following contents about returnees from drift: the residential areas; the period of drift; the landing places, and the geographical features and the lifestyles of the residents of the landing places including their manners and customs, clothes and food, the agriculture and sericulture, castles and ponds, and military forces; the distances of traveling in the landing places; the contents of experience in visiting places; the period of stay; the details of their being treated in the foreign country. Pyohwanin Munjeongbyeoldan of Jeju island in the 18th century includes nine cases ranging from 1741 (17th year of King Yeongjo’s reign of the Joseon dynasty) to 1779 (3rd year of King Jeongjo’s reign of the Joseon dynasty). Speaking concretely, they are the returnees from drift: Kim Cheol-jung (18 people) in 1741 (17th year of King Yeongjo’s reign), Kim Hae-baek (40 people) in 1758 (34th year of King Yeongjo’s reign), Kim Jung-gyeong (7 people) in 1762 (38th year of King Yeongjo’s reign), Kim Sun-chang (8 people) in 1765 (41st year of King Yeongjo’s reign), Bu Cha-gil (8 people) in 1770 (46th year of King Yeongjo’s reign), Kim Se-bal (7 people) in 1775 (51st year of King Yeongjo’s reign), Go Man-jae (13 people) in May, 1778 (2nd year of King Jeongjo’s reign), Go Su-man (46 people) in August, 1778 (2nd year of King Jeongjo’s reign), and Yun Do-jun (9 people) in 1779 (3rd year of King Jeongjo’s reign). When seen through these nine cases, drifts happened mostly on the sea near Jeju island and Chuja island, and their landing areas covered Jiangsu province, Zhejiang province, Fujian province and Taiwan such as Jeonjamdo Island in Zhejiang province, Gwansando Island, Ningcheng county, Xiapu county in Fujian province, Jangsando Island, Yeongbusa in Suzhou prefecture and Saesahongdo island. The return routes covered Beijing, Shenyang and Zhamen. Most of the items provided on the return route were food and clothes including rice, pork, millet, porgy, buckwheat noodles, long clothing for ladies, trousers for men, shoes, hemp cloth, goats, cold weather gears, socks, sheepskin dress, blanket, sheepskin and wool hair socks, silver, Tang coins and silver coins. Returnees from drift(Pyohwanin) were mostly sailing to present horses' saddles, horses, tangerines and abalones to the king, to transport grain from Naripo port, to sell hat shades and etc, to go into exile or to go fishing, when they got adrift in the sea. The age distribution of in total of 156 Pyohwanin(returnees from drift) shown in the nine cases consisted of 4 people in their 10s, 34 people in their 20s, 55 people in their 30s, 36 people in their 40s, 19 people in their 50s, 6 people in their 60s and 2 people in their 70s. People in their 20s to 40s account for more than 80%. This means that people who were active in production made up the majority of drifters. In a case where a drifter died of sickness on the way back from drift like the cases of Yang Jin-yeong and Park Cheon-mang, the funeral was conducted after the corpse was examined in the relevant district. There were cases of false statements such as hiding the fact of residing in Jeju Island and telling a lie of being from Soan Island in Yeongam-gun, Gangjin and Naju, Jeolla province.