본문 바로가기
KERD
논문

On the Identity and Distribution of “Case Markers” in Korean

채희락
한국언어학회 (The Linguistic Society of Korea)|2023.06|언어 (Korean Journal of Linguistics)|제48권 제2호|pp. 199-258|DOI 10.18855/lisoko.2023.48.2.001

3

조회

0

다운로드

1

인용

0

참고문헌

키워드

Koreanstativitydelimiterscase markersmorphosyntaxlexical variantsdynamicity-i/ka and –ul/lul
주제분류언어학

초록

This paper examines how the true identity of seeming case markers can be revealed. The particles -i/ka and -ul/lul in Korean, generally analyzed as nominative and accusative case markers, respectively, also occur in nonargument positions. Most previous analyses have assumed that they are ambiguous between case and non-case markers and/or that they have different meanings (when used as non-case markers). However, previous analyses have not successfully established objective criteria to distinguish between case and non-case markers and define different meanings. Although some analyses argue that the particles are not case markers, they have failed to justify the fact that only -i/ka can occur after the subject and only -ul/lul after the object. Considering the inaccuracy of these two assumptions, we provide a unified analysis: as context-dependent lexical variants, they are delimiters of the same meaning. Regarding their distribution, -i/ka can occur only in a stative context and -ul/lul only in a dynamic context. We demonstrate that -i/ka has (wrongly) been analyzed as a nominative marker because the subject is always in a stative context and -ul/lul, as an accusative marker because the object is always in a dynamic context.

Abstract

This paper examines how the true identity of seeming case markers can be revealed. The particles -i/ka and -ul/lul in Korean, generally analyzed as nominative and accusative case markers, respectively, also occur in nonargument positions. Most previous analyses have assumed that they are ambiguous between case and non-case markers and/or that they have different meanings (when used as non-case markers). However, previous analyses have not successfully established objective criteria to distinguish between case and non-case markers and define different meanings. Although some analyses argue that the particles are not case markers, they have failed to justify the fact that only -i/ka can occur after the subject and only -ul/lul after the object. Considering the inaccuracy of these two assumptions, we provide a unified analysis: as context-dependent lexical variants, they are delimiters of the same meaning. Regarding their distribution, -i/ka can occur only in a stative context and -ul/lul only in a dynamic context. We demonstrate that -i/ka has (wrongly) been analyzed as a nominative marker because the subject is always in a stative context and -ul/lul, as an accusative marker because the object is always in a dynamic context.

참고문헌 (122)

  1. Ahn, Hee-Don, "Preliminary remarks on Korean NP", Papers from the International Conference on Korean Linguistics, 6, pp.1~15 (1988), International Circle of Korean Linguistics
  2. An, Duk Ho, "Genitive case in Korean and its implications for noun phrase structure", Journal of East Asian Linguistics, 23(4), pp.361~392 (2014)
  3. Bach, Emmon, "The algebra of events", Linguistics and Philosophy, 9(1), pp.5~16 (1986)
  4. Baglini, Rebekah, "Stative Predication and Semantic Ontology: A Cross-linguistic Study", Ph.D., pp.2015
  5. Beavers, John, "On affectedness", Natural Language and Linguistic Theory, 29, pp.335~370 (2011)
  6. Beavers, John, "Aspectual classes and scales of change", Linguistics, pp.681~706 (2013)[DOI]
  7. Beavers, John, "The Roots of Verbal Meaning" (2020), Oxford University Press
  8. Bertinetto, Pier Marco, "The Oxford Handbook of Tense and Aspect", pp.852~880 (2012), Oxford University Press
  9. Blake, Barry J, "Case" (2001), Cambridge University Press
  10. Borsley, Robert, "Modern Phrase Structure Grammar" (1996), Blackwell
  11. Butt, Miriam, "The Oxford Handbook of Case", pp.27~43 (2008), Oxford University Press
  12. Carlson, Greg, "Properties, Types and Meaning. Studies in Linguistics and Philosophy (formerly Synthese Language Library), Volume 39", pp.167~192 (1989), Springer
  13. Carlson, Greg, "The Oxford Handbook of Tense and Aspect", pp.828~851 (2012), Oxford University Press
  14. 전영철, "한국어의 소위 특정성 표지들에 대하여", 언어, 30(4), pp.715~743 (2005), 한국언어학회
  15. Chae, Hee-Rahk, "Adverbial nominals and the –ul", lul marker, 1999, pp.VIII, 223~234[DOI]
  16. in Korean, "Journal of East Asian Linguistics", 2018, 377~411
  17. Construction in Korean, "어학연구", 2018, 157~200, pp.언어교육원, https:
  18. Chae, Hee-Rahk, "Korean Morphosyntax : Focusing on Clitics and Their Roles in Syntax" (2020), Routledge
  19. in Korean:With Reference to a Present State Reading, "어학연구", 2020, 309~357, pp.언어교육원, https:
  20. Chae, Hee-Rahk, "Stativity and negation: With reference to -i", ka and –ul, Proceedings of the 2021 Summer Conference of the Linguistic Society of Korea, pp.2021[DOI]
  23. 표현의 종합적 통사 분석 I: 보조용언류 구문과 격 교체 현상, "언어", 2015, 545~580, pp.한국언어학회, 10.18855[DOI]
  24. 표현의 종합적 통사 분석 II: 부동사 구문과 공백의 유형, "언어", 2015, 703~746, pp.한국언어학회, 10.18855[DOI]
  25. Cho, Sungdai, "Korean: A Linguistic Introduction" (2020), Cambridge University Press
  26. Cho, Sungeun, "Three Forms of Case Agreement in Korean", Ph.D., pp.2000
  27. 최기용, "한국어 격과 조사의 생성통사론" (2009), 한국문화사
  28. Croft, William, "The Projection of Arguments: Lexical and Compositional Factors", pp.21~63 (1998), CSLI Publications
  29. Croft, William, "Verbs: Aspect and Clausal Structure" (2012), Oxford University Press
  30. Desclés, Jean-Pierre, "The Oxford Handbook of Tense and Aspect", pp.123~154 (2012), Oxford University Press
  31. Dowty, David, "Word Meaning and Montague Grammar: The Semantics of Verbs and Times in Generative Semantics and in Montague’s PTQ" (1979), Reidel
  32. Filip, Hana, "The Oxford Handbook of Tense and Aspect", pp.721~751 (2012), Oxford University Press
  33. Givón, Talmy, "Syntax: An Introduction, Volume 1" (2001), John Benjamins
  34. Han, Jeonghan, "Grammatical Coding of Information Structure in Korean: A Role and Reference Grammar (RRG) Account", Ph.D., pp.1999
  35. 한정한, "Role and Reference of Korean Case Markers: focusing on KA, LUL", 한국어학, 65, pp.263~294 (2014), 한국어학회
  36. Hay, Jennifer, "Scalar structure underlies telicity in degree achievements", The Proceedings of Semantics and Linguistic Theory IX, pp.127~144 (1999), CLC Publications, Cornell University
  37. Herweg, Michael, "Perfective and imperfective aspect and the theory of events and states", Linguistics, 29, pp.969~1010 (1991)
  38. Heycock, Caroline, "Subjects and predication in Korean and Japanese", Language Research, 25(4), pp.775~791 (1989)
  39. 홍기선, "한국어의 조사 “가”", 비교한국학 Comparative Korean Studies, 15(2), pp.23~46 (2007), 국제비교한국학회
  40. 홍기선, "한국어의 조사 ‘가’와 ‘를’: 격과 의미", 언어, 42(4), pp.961~988 (2017), 한국언어학회[DOI]
  41. Hong, Ki-Sun, "Argument Selection and Case Marking in Korean", Ph.D., pp.1991
  42. Hopper, Paul J., "Transitivity in grammar and discourse", Language, 56(2), pp.251~299 (1980)
  43. 이익섭, "국어 문법론 강의" (1999), 학연사
  44. 이필영, "조사 ‘이", 가’와 ‘을, 한국어학, pp.2010, 49[DOI]
  46. 임홍빈, "한국어의 주제와 통사 분석" (2007), 서울대학교 출판부
  47. Jackendoff, Ray, "Language, Consciousness, Culture: Essays on Mental Structure" (2007), The MIT Press
  48. Kang, Myung-Yoon, "Topics in Korean Syntax", Ph.D., pp.1988
  49. Kang, Young-Se, "Korean Syntax and Universal Grammar", Ph.D., pp.1986
  50. Kang, Young-Se, "Adverbial nominals and the generalized case marking principle in Korean", Language Research, 27(3), pp.449~462 (1991)
  51. Keenan, Edward L, "Subject and Topic", pp.303~333 (1976), Academic Press
  52. Keenan, Edward L, "Language Typology and Syntactic Description. Volume 1: Clause Structure", pp.243~281 (1985), Cambridge University Press
  53. Kim, Bo Kyung, "Case Assignment on Adverbial NPs in Korean", Ph.D., pp.2009
  54. Kim, Ilkyu, "Korean -(u)nu, Salience, and Information Structure", Ph.D., pp.2013
  55. 김일규, "On the Meaning of Korean –i", ka, 2014, pp.(63), 1~26[DOI]
  56. 김종복, "Ambiguities in the Korean -KO ISSTA Imperfective Construction", 언어, 36(4), pp.863~885 (2011), 한국언어학회[DOI]
  57. Kim, Jong-Bok, "Syntactic Structures of Korean: A Construction Grammar Perspective" (2016), Cambridge University Press
  58. 김종복, "The Korean Case System: A Unified, Constraint-based Approach", 어학연구, 40(4), pp.885~921 (2004), 언어교육원
  59. Kim, Jong-Bok, "Syntactic Constructions in English" (2020), Cambridge University Press
  60. Kim, Jong-Bok, "Case assignment in the clause on adjuncts", Harvard Studies in Korean Linguistics, XI, pp.506~519 (2006), arvard University[DOI]
  61. Kim, Jong-Bok, "On the role of the eventuality in case assignment on adjuncts", Language and Linguistics, 11(3), pp.625~652 (2010)
  62. 김귀화, "국어의 격연구" (1994), 한국문화사
  63. 김민국, "한국어의 격조사와 초점 - 주격과 대격을 중심으로 -", 國語學, (78), pp.165~219 (2016), 국어학회[DOI]
  64. Kim, Soowon, "Syntactic case and frequency adverbials in Korean", Harvard Studies in Korean Linguistics, V, pp.368~378 (1993), Harvard University[DOI]
  65. Kim, Soowon, "Description and Explanation in Korean Linguistics", pp.133~168 (1998), East Asia Program, Cornell University
  66. Kim, Taeho, "Subject and Object Markings in Conversational Korean", Ph.D., pp.2008
  67. Kim, Young-Joo, "The Syntax and Semantics of Korean Case: The Interaction Between Lexical and Syntactic Levels of Representation", Ph.D., pp.1990
  68. 고석주, "현대 한국어 조사의 연구 1: ‘격 개념’과 조사 ‘-가’와 ‘-를’을 중심으로" (2004), 한국문화사
  69. 고영근, "우리말 격 형태의 통시론과 유형론", 형태론, 22(2), pp.419~434 (2020), 형태론
  70. 고영근, "우리말 문법론" (2018), 집문당
  71. 고희정, "Multiple Case Sharing and Syntactic Structure", 생성문법연구, 19(4), pp.423~451 (2009), 한국생성문법학회[DOI]
  72. Langacker, Ronald, "Foundations of Cognitive Grammar, Volume 2" (1991), Stanford University Press
  73. Langacker, Ronald, "Conceptual Structure, Discourse and Language", pp.289~302 (1996), CSLI Publications
  74. Langacker, Ronald, "Generics and habituals", Amsterdam Studies in the Theory and History of Science, 4, pp.191~222 (1997)
  75. Lee, EunHee, "Stative progressives in Korean and English", Journal of Pragmatics, 38, pp.695~717 (2006)
  76. Lee, EunHee, "Case alternation in duration and frequency adverbials in Korean: A semantic-pragmatic explanation", Lingua, 189, pp.190 (2017), 1~18
  77. Lee, EunHee, "Korean Syntax and Semantics" (2019), Cambridge University Press
  78. Lee, EunHee, "The Cambridge Handbook of Korean Linguistics", pp.635~655 (2022), Cambridge University Press
  79. Lee, Hanjung, "Explaining variation in Korean case ellipsis : Economy versus iconicity", Journal of East Asian Linguistics, 19, pp.291~318 (2010)
  80. Lee, Hanjung, "The Handbook of Korean Linguistics", pp.196~211 (2015), Willey Blackwell
  81. MacDonald, Jonathan, "Against stativizing negation, expletive negation and NPI-until", Acta Linguistica Hungarica, 58(3), pp.203~220 (2011)
  82. Malchukov, Andrej, "The Oxford Handbook of Case", pp.635~648 (2008), Oxford University Press
  83. Malchukov, Andrej, "The Oxford Handbook of Case", pp.651~667 (2008), Oxford University Press
  84. Malchukov, Andrej, "The Oxford Handbook of Case", pp.339~355 (2008), Oxford University Press
  85. Maling, Joan, "Adverbials and structural case in Korean", Harvard Studies in Korean Linguistics, III, pp.297~308 (1989), Harvard University[DOI]
  86. Maling, Joan, "Case and Other Functional Categories in Finnish Syntax", pp.51~76 (1993), Mouton de Gruyter
  87. Maling, Joan, "Case-marking on duration adverbials revisited", Selected Papers from the Twelfth International Conference of Korean Linguistics, pp.323~335 (2001), Kyungjin Publishing
  88. Michaelis, Laura, "Stative by construction", Linguistics, 49(6), pp.1359~1399 (2011)
  89. Michaelis, Laura, "Aspectual coercion and lexical semantics Part 1 : Using selection to describe the interaction between construction and verb meaning", Cognitive Semantics, 8, pp.383~408 (2022)
  90. 목정수, "한국어 격조사와 특수조사의 지위와 그 의미 - 유형론적 접근 -", 언어학, (23), pp.47~78 (1998), 사단법인 한국언어학회
  91. 목정수, "언어 유형론, 정신역학론 그리고 한국어 문법" (2020), 한국문화사
  92. Murphy, Lynne, "Lexical Meaning" (2010), Cambridge University Press
  94. 남기심, "새로 쓴 표준 국어 문법론" (2019), 한국문화사
  95. 노용균, "Nominative", Accusative Adpositions in Ngative Auxiliary Constructions, 2004, pp.8(2), 73~92[DOI]
  96. O’Grady, William, "Categories and Case" (1991), John Benjamins
  97. Ono, Tsuyoshi, "The pragmatic nature of the so-called subject marker ga in Japanese: Evidence from conversation", Discourse Studies, 2(1), pp.55~84 (2000)
  98. 박소영, "한국어 장형 부정문의 격 교체와 ‘하다’의 유형론", 한국어학, 52, pp.83~119 (2011), 한국어학회
  99. Park, Chongwon, "Reference Point and Case" (2019), John Benjamins
  100. Park, Chongwon, "Nominative objects in Korean", Linguistics, 60(5), pp.1487~1537 (2022)
  101. Pereltsvaig, Asya, "Adverbs and Adjunction", pp.155~176 (2000), Universitätsbibliothek Publikathionstelle
  102. Przepiórkowski, Adam, "Lexical and Constructional Aspects of Linguistic Explanation", pp.231~245 (1999), CSLI Publications
  103. Radden, Günter, "Cognitive English Grammar" (2007), John Benjamins
  104. Rothstein, Susan, "Structuring Events: A Study in the Semantics of Lexical Aspect" (2004), Blackwell
  105. Sells, Peter, "The Handbook of Korean Linguistics", pp.196~211 (2015), Willey Blackwell
  107. 신서인, "‘이", 가, 을, 國語學, pp.2014, (69)[DOI]
  108. Smith, Carlota, "The Parameter of Aspect" (1997), Springer
  109. Sohn, Ho-Min, "The Korean Language" (1999), Cambridge University Press
  110. Spencer, Andrew, "Competition and Variation in Natural Languages: The Case for Case", pp.119~145 (2005), Elsevier
  111. de Swart, Henriëtte, "Meaning and use of not. . . until", Journal of Semantics, 13, pp.221~263 (1996)
  112. de Swart, Henriëtte, "Aspect shift and coercion", Natural Language and Linguistic Theory, 16, pp.347~385 (1998)
  113. Tenny, Carol, "Lexical matters", pp.490~508 (1992), CSLI Publications
  114. Tsunoda, Tasaku, "Split case-marking in verb types and tense", aspect, Linguistics, pp.1981, 19[DOI]
  115. Van Valin, Robert D, "The Oxford Handbook of Case", pp.102~120 (2008), Oxford University Press
  116. Vendler, Zeno, "Verbs and times", Philosophical Review, 56, pp.143~160 (1957)
  117. Verkuyl, Henk, "A Theory of Aspectuality: The Interaction between Temporal and Atemporal Structure (Cambridge Studies in Linguistics, Volume 64)" (1993), Cambridge University Press
  118. Wechsler, Stephen, "The domain of direct case assignment", Natural Language and Linguistic Theory, 14(3), pp.629~664 (1996)
  119. Yeon, Jaehoon, "Korean: A Comprehensive Grammar" (2019), Routledge
  120. Yoon, James Hye Suk, "Non-nominative Subjects: Volume 2", pp.265~311 (2004), John Benjamins
  121. 유현경, "형태 중심 한국어 통사론" (2017), 역락
  122. Yurayong, Chingduan, "Altaicization and de-Altaicization of Japonic and Koreanic", International Journal of Eurasian Linguistics, 2(1), pp.108~148 (2020)

관련 논문AI추천

An Alternative Analysis of the “Case Alternation” Phenomenon in Korean계은진한국언어학회 · 언어2025 · 제50권 제2호Semantic Aspects of the Accusative Marker김경환언어과학회 · 언어과학연구2013 · 제65호한국어 격표지의 본질과 초점이종근한국현대언어학회 · 언어연구2018 · 제33권 제4호한국어 주격표지, 격표지의 생략, 초점, 그리고 화제이종근사단법인 한국언어학회 · 언어학2021 · 제29권 제4호Categorization of Double Nominative Constructions in Korean: Based on the Properties of -i/-ka박우경, 이경미21세기영어영문학회 · 영어영문학212019 · 제32권 제1호From Semantics to Pragmatics: the Accusative Case in Korean김원호한국언어과학회 · 언어과학2011 · 제18권 제2호

이 간행물의 다른 논문 (8건)

Pronominal Anaphora Resolution in Korean: Investigating the Effects of Case-marking최진선pp. 259-278English Exceptive Constructions: A Corpus-based Perspective이건희, 김종복pp. 279-313C-command and Beyond: The Emerging Universe of Formal and Non-Formal RelationsPLESNIAK DANIEL HOAGBERGpp. 315-366Verb Dynamics? Two Types of Double Object Constructions in Korean and Spanish윤나경pp. 367-397한국어 ‘ㄹ’ 말음 어간의 활용에서 나타나는 변이의 양상: 구어 말뭉치 및 설문을 통한 연구강희조pp. 399-416
원문 보기