흑인남성성에 대한 토니 모리슨의 ‘문화 변화적 시각’: 절망과 좌절의 역사, 그리고 복원 가능성
Toni Morrison’s Cultural Variant Perspectives of the Black Male Masculinity―History of Frustration and Hopelessness, and Possibilities of Resurrection
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본 연구는 흑인남성성의 절망과 좌절의 역사, 그리고 복원의 가능성을 문화 변화적 시각에 비춰 추적한다. 모리슨은 소설 속에서 노예주인들과 백인인종우월주의자들의 감시, 억압, 폭력에 무방비로 노출된 아프리카계 남성들의 모습을 재현한다. 『빌러비드』에서 폴 디는 노예제도 기간 동안 잔인한 노예소유주와 변태적교도관에 의해, 그리고 『가장 푸른 눈』에서 촐리 브리들러브는 노예제도 이후에부모의 거부와 제한된 고용기회에 의해 각각 남성성을 거세당한다. 폴 디와 촐리의 경우와 달리, 『솔로몬의 노래』에서 메이콘 데드는 중산층 아프리카계 남성으로, 백인남성성의 역기능인 가부장적 우월주의를 모방하여 가족들을 질식시킨다. 하지만 모리슨은 흑인남성성의 복원 가능성을 『집』에서 유년시절부터 성인시절에 이르는 프랭크 머니의 삶을 통해 제시한다. 프랭크는 남성성을 꿈꿨지만, 미국사회는 이를 허용하지 않았다. 프랭크는 어린 시절에 가족과 함께 백인 인종차별주의자들에 의해 집으로부터 강제 추방당했다. 궁여지책으로 남성의 꿈을실현하기 위해 한국전쟁에 참전하지만, 전쟁 트라우마와 함께 귀국하여 거리의방랑자가 되어 떠돌던 중에 정신병원에 감금된다. 생명의 위기에 처한 여동생의 소식을 접한 프랭크는 정신병원을 탈출한 뒤에 여동생을 구조하기 위한 여행을시작한다. 이와 관련, 모리슨은 프랭크의 여행을 트라우마로부터 벗어나는 과정뿐만 아니라, 폭력적․충동적․비이성적 남성성으로부터 자신감, 분별력, 비폭력적공격성, 압도적 위엄을 보여주는 남성성으로의 진화과정으로 형상화한다. 그리고여동생을 구조하여 귀향했을 때, 모리슨은 여동생 보호자로서의 가부장적 남성성으로부터 벗어나려는 프랭크의 시도를 공개한다.
Abstract
This study discusses Toni Morrison’s cultural variant perspectives of the Black Male Masculinity in view of the history of frustration and hopelessness, and the possibility of resurrection. Morrison represents African American males who were openly vulnerable to the surveillance, oppression, violence of slave holders and white supremacists in her novels. Paul D in Beloved was castrated by a cruel slave holder and masochistic jailers during slavery, and Cholly Breedlove in The Bluest Eye was castrated not only by negation from his parents but also restricted access to employment opportunities in the period of post-slavery. In Song of Solomon, Macon Dead is an upper middle-class man that has copied after the dysfunctional sides of whites’ masculinity, such as patriarchal supremacy referring to rejection and avoidance of feminity. However, Morrison lays out a vision for the restoration of black male masculinity in view of Frank Money’s life from childhood to adulthood in Home. Even though he dreams of black masculinity, American society doesn’t give him a helping hand. In his childhood, Frank, with his family, was exiled from his hometown by white racists. In his young adulthood, he volunteered to serve in the Korean War to realize his dream of masculinity. However, after being discharged from the army, he wanders around the street as a racial outcast and drunkard who is suffering from Post Traumatic Stress Disorder. In the social negligence and oppression, even being locked in the veteran’s mental hospital by the police. he manages to escape from there. And then he travels to rescue his younger sister from a white racist and doctor who is threatening to kill her. In this regard, Morrison represents Frank’s travel not only as a process to relieves himself of the burden of traumatic experiences but also as a process evolve his masculinity from violence, impulse, aggression to self-confidence, discretion, nonviolent aggression, overwhelming charisma. And at the same time, Frank successfully rescued his sister and then returned home, Morrison shows his trying to tear himself away from the patriarchal masculinity as his sister’s strict guardian.
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