러시아 자료로 본 1650년대 흑룡강원정(나선정벌)

Abstract

With the Manchu conquest of Ming China in the mid-1600s, Manchuria became a sparsely populated region: the majority of the Manchu population left their homeland and rushed into China. The Qing authority also concentrated all its energy on the military campaigns against Ming loyalists in the south. It was in this situation that new-comers began to infiltrate into northern Manchuria alongside the Amur (Heilung) River. In the early phase of the Manchu-Russian conflicts, the Manchu suffered some successive defeats because they were surpassed in firepower and mobility. In the 1650s, for this reason, the Manchu authority demanded twice that Chosŏn send some troops armed with Korean-type muskets. A variety of Korean sources provide the details of the expeditions from a Korean perspective, while few Chinese sources tell the expeditions. Some Russian sources such as combat reports and survivors’ statements also provide the various activities of the Cossack-Russians as well as the conflicts per se. Yet they were hardly used among scholars so far. Referring to Russian sources, this paper recasts the expeditions from a Russian perspective with emphasis on the Cossack-Russians who survived the battles.