Validating a Word Monitoring Task as a Measure of Implicit Knowledge
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This study extends previous factor-analytic research on measures of second language (L2) implicit and explicit knowledge（Bowles, 2011; R. Ellis, 2005; Vafaee, Suzuki & Kachisnke, 2017) by validating the use of the word monitoring task (WMT), a psycholinguistic technique, as a measure of L2 implicit knowledge. Native speakers of English (n = 16) and Korean advanced learners of English (n = 50) took four tests: the WMT, the elicited imitation (EI) test, the untimed grammatical judgments test (UGJT), and the metalinguistic knowledge test (MKT). The WMT and the EI test were hypothesized as implicit knowledge measures, while ungrammatical items in the UGJT and the MKT were employed as hypothetical measures of explicit knowledge. The results indicated that the native speakers of English showed more grammatical sensitivity in the WMT than the Korean advanced learners of English. Among the Korean advanced learners, the experienced learners were sensitive to grammatical violations, whereas the less experienced learners were not. In a confirmatory factor analysis, the WMT and the EI loaded onto one factor, while the UGJT and the MKT loaded onto the other factor. These combined findings provide strong evidence confirming that the WMT is a valid measure of implicit knowledge.
Abstract
This study extends previous factor-analytic research on measures of second language (L2) implicit and explicit knowledge（Bowles, 2011; R. Ellis, 2005; Vafaee, Suzuki & Kachisnke, 2017) by validating the use of the word monitoring task (WMT), a psycholinguistic technique, as a measure of L2 implicit knowledge. Native speakers of English (n = 16) and Korean advanced learners of English (n = 50) took four tests: the WMT, the elicited imitation (EI) test, the untimed grammatical judgments test (UGJT), and the metalinguistic knowledge test (MKT). The WMT and the EI test were hypothesized as implicit knowledge measures, while ungrammatical items in the UGJT and the MKT were employed as hypothetical measures of explicit knowledge. The results indicated that the native speakers of English showed more grammatical sensitivity in the WMT than the Korean advanced learners of English. Among the Korean advanced learners, the experienced learners were sensitive to grammatical violations, whereas the less experienced learners were not. In a confirmatory factor analysis, the WMT and the EI loaded onto one factor, while the UGJT and the MKT loaded onto the other factor. These combined findings provide strong evidence confirming that the WMT is a valid measure of implicit knowledge.
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