미국의 고딕소설과 헨리 제임스의 『나사의 회전』
American Gothic Novels and Henry James's The Turn of the Screw
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Traditionally fixed gothic novel is often related to literature of surface and sensations. Because it arouses sham terror, they were often described as “schilling shocker,” “penny dreadful,” and “dime novel.” However, this type of gothic novel was never really central to American fiction. What characterizes American gothic novel is its emphasis on psychological, metaphysical, and religious horror. American gothic novels are characterized by a blending of explained and supernatural gothic modes. In fact, American gothic novel is inclined toward what G. R. Thompson calls the indeterminate or ambiguous gothic. Central to the ambiguous gothic is an epistemological perplexity resulting from the tension between logical and supernatural explanations. This epistemological ambiguity reflects the tension ingrained in the American concept of the New People in the New World. American Puritans believed that they were sent by God to the New World to erect the City of God. They believed in the errand into the wilderness. However, their history showed them they could have mistaken about the whole mission. American gothic novels, through its ambiguity, reflect this horror deeply rooted in American imagination. Henry James’s The Turn of the Screw is famous for its unresolved ambiguity. Critics have debated whether it is a ghost story or a psychological case study of a young governess. James closely follows the footsteps of American gothic novel writers both in techniques and themes. By deliberately creating indeterminacy, he writes an allegory, or rather a negative allegory, of a Faustian nightmare of American identity and imagination.
Abstract
Traditionally fixed gothic novel is often related to literature of surface and sensations. Because it arouses sham terror, they were often described as “schilling shocker,” “penny dreadful,” and “dime novel.” However, this type of gothic novel was never really central to American fiction. What characterizes American gothic novel is its emphasis on psychological, metaphysical, and religious horror. American gothic novels are characterized by a blending of explained and supernatural gothic modes. In fact, American gothic novel is inclined toward what G. R. Thompson calls the indeterminate or ambiguous gothic. Central to the ambiguous gothic is an epistemological perplexity resulting from the tension between logical and supernatural explanations. This epistemological ambiguity reflects the tension ingrained in the American concept of the New People in the New World. American Puritans believed that they were sent by God to the New World to erect the City of God. They believed in the errand into the wilderness. However, their history showed them they could have mistaken about the whole mission. American gothic novels, through its ambiguity, reflect this horror deeply rooted in American imagination. Henry James’s The Turn of the Screw is famous for its unresolved ambiguity. Critics have debated whether it is a ghost story or a psychological case study of a young governess. James closely follows the footsteps of American gothic novel writers both in techniques and themes. By deliberately creating indeterminacy, he writes an allegory, or rather a negative allegory, of a Faustian nightmare of American identity and imagination.
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