멜빌과 아메리칸 인디언
Melville and the American Indian
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In 19th century American society, the so-called metaphysics of Indian-hating was widespread even in the intellectual’s individual consciousness. This rhetoric is raised under the cause of civilizing the barbarous Indians. Melville criticized the metaphysics of Indian-hating as rationalizing the white people’s oppression and violence against the Indian, contributing to the expansion of American imperialism. This paper focuses on Melville’s objective recognition of the reality of Native Americans as revealed in his novel, Moby-Dick. Melville criticized the contradiction of the white dominant ideology as presented in the rhetoric of the narrator, Ishmael. In the middle of telling the Pequod story, Ishmael depends on not only religion but also ethnology in rationalizing the white superiority over the colored people. As a typical Indian-hater, Ishmael narrates his story of the complete destruction of the Pequod as a true symbol of God’s punishment against the Indian race, the Pequot. As a result, he unconsciously follows the 17th century puritans’ rhetoric for the Pequot massacre. Different from this narrator’s point of view, we can grasp the implied author’s affirmation of Indian culture in the individual character Queequeg and the whaler, Pequod. As a double figure of Ahab, Queequeg allegorically represents the American Indian. He is described as a kind of savior and an incarnation of the true spirit of brotherhood, while the Pequod is presented as the symbol of egalitarian society. Under the establishment of a christianized civilized society, Americans were eager to turn the Indians into victims. Melville asserts that the ethical norm of Indian culture is the true way-out for 19th century American society, blurred as it was by racial discrimination and expansionism, for Indians emphasize the importance of co-existence and harmony between races, and between human beings and nature.
Abstract
In 19th century American society, the so-called metaphysics of Indian-hating was widespread even in the intellectual’s individual consciousness. This rhetoric is raised under the cause of civilizing the barbarous Indians. Melville criticized the metaphysics of Indian-hating as rationalizing the white people’s oppression and violence against the Indian, contributing to the expansion of American imperialism. This paper focuses on Melville’s objective recognition of the reality of Native Americans as revealed in his novel, Moby-Dick. Melville criticized the contradiction of the white dominant ideology as presented in the rhetoric of the narrator, Ishmael. In the middle of telling the Pequod story, Ishmael depends on not only religion but also ethnology in rationalizing the white superiority over the colored people. As a typical Indian-hater, Ishmael narrates his story of the complete destruction of the Pequod as a true symbol of God’s punishment against the Indian race, the Pequot. As a result, he unconsciously follows the 17th century puritans’ rhetoric for the Pequot massacre. Different from this narrator’s point of view, we can grasp the implied author’s affirmation of Indian culture in the individual character Queequeg and the whaler, Pequod. As a double figure of Ahab, Queequeg allegorically represents the American Indian. He is described as a kind of savior and an incarnation of the true spirit of brotherhood, while the Pequod is presented as the symbol of egalitarian society. Under the establishment of a christianized civilized society, Americans were eager to turn the Indians into victims. Melville asserts that the ethical norm of Indian culture is the true way-out for 19th century American society, blurred as it was by racial discrimination and expansionism, for Indians emphasize the importance of co-existence and harmony between races, and between human beings and nature.
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