Lexical Bundles in L2 Writers’ Essays: A Comparison Across the Speakers of Korean, Chinese, and Japanese
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It has long been believed that East Asian countries share the same rhetorical patterns because of the over-simplifying perspectives of the rhetorical uniqueness of each country’s speakers. The current study examines lexical bundles in the argumentative essays produced by English learners in three Asian countries: China, Japan, and South Korea. The analysis consists of two dimensions of lexical bundles (i.e., structure and function) to examine three structural components (i.e., NP-, VP-, and PP-based structures) and three functional components (i.e., stance, discourse organizer, and referential functions). The results show that there are idiosyncratic structural and functional patterns in the texts produced by the learners in these countries. That is, Chinese L2 learners prefer NP- and PP-based lexical bundles, while Japanese L2 learners prefer VP-based lexical bundles. Regarding the functional lexical bundle uses, Korean L2 learners prefer discourse organizers, while Chinese L2 learners more frequently use referential lexical bundles and Japanese L2 learners tend to use stance lexical bundles. Findings from the current study suggest that previous studies on L2 lexical bundle uses should be examined further by considering L1 background as an essential variable. What has been perceived as a characteristic of learners’ language production may be strongly influenced by masking their L1 effect.
Abstract
It has long been believed that East Asian countries share the same rhetorical patterns because of the over-simplifying perspectives of the rhetorical uniqueness of each country’s speakers. The current study examines lexical bundles in the argumentative essays produced by English learners in three Asian countries: China, Japan, and South Korea. The analysis consists of two dimensions of lexical bundles (i.e., structure and function) to examine three structural components (i.e., NP-, VP-, and PP-based structures) and three functional components (i.e., stance, discourse organizer, and referential functions). The results show that there are idiosyncratic structural and functional patterns in the texts produced by the learners in these countries. That is, Chinese L2 learners prefer NP- and PP-based lexical bundles, while Japanese L2 learners prefer VP-based lexical bundles. Regarding the functional lexical bundle uses, Korean L2 learners prefer discourse organizers, while Chinese L2 learners more frequently use referential lexical bundles and Japanese L2 learners tend to use stance lexical bundles. Findings from the current study suggest that previous studies on L2 lexical bundle uses should be examined further by considering L1 background as an essential variable. What has been perceived as a characteristic of learners’ language production may be strongly influenced by masking their L1 effect.
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