본문 바로가기
KERD
논문KCI 등재

한국인의 사회적 안녕감에 대한 질적 연구: 사회적 연결감, 사회정체성, 사회비교를 중심으로

A Qualitative Study on the Social Well-being of Koreans: Focusing on Social Connectedness, Social Identity, and Social Comparison

정태연|안정민|서예지
한국문화및사회문제심리학회 (Korean Psychological Association of Culture and Social Issues)|2024.11|한국심리학회지: 문화 및 사회문제 (Korean Psychological Journal of Culture and Social Issues)|제30권 제4호|pp. 541-572|DOI http://dx.doi.org/10.20406/kjcs.2024.11.30.4.541

0

조회

0

다운로드

0

인용

0

참고문헌

키워드

social comparison사회비교Korean identitysocial well-beingsocial identity사회적 안녕감사회적 연결감사회정체성한국인정체성social connectedness
주제분류심리과학

초록

본 연구는 사회적 안녕감에 영향을 미치는 사회적 연결감, 사회정체성, 그리고 사회비교 기준의 사회문화적 맥락과 조건을 탐색하고, 이를 통해 한국 사회에서 개인들이 사용하는 사회비교의 기준이 어떻게 사회적 안녕감에 영향을 미치는지를 질적으로 분석하고자 하였다. 이를 위하여 FGI 방법론을 사용하였다. 성인남녀 20대~60대까지 연령별 5개의 초점 집단을 구성하였으며, 집단별 7명씩 총 35명이 연구에 참여하였다. 이후 주제별로 자료를 코딩하여 주제를 추출한 후 주제 분석을 통해 도출된 결과에서 패턴을 발견하고 결론을 도출하였다. 주요 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 사회적 연결감은 타인의 무조건적인 선의, 온 국민이 하나 됨을 느끼는 사건, 사회보장 제도, 투표와 같은 국민의 권리 행사를 경험할 때 나타났다. 둘째, 사람들의 일상 속 주요 사회정체성은 물질적 자기, 사회적 자기, 심리적 자기의 세 가지 차원으로 구분되며, 한국인으로서의 사회정체성은 국제적 맥락에서 강화된다. 구체적으로 한국인으로서의 사회정체성을 경험하는 사회문화적 맥락은 국제사회 속 외국인과 차별화되는 정체성, 낯선 환경 속 이방인으로서 정체성, 국위선양 사건 및 스포츠 경기를 통해 활성화되는 정체성으로 나타났다. 셋째, 사회적 비교를 통한 한국 사회에 대한 인식은 개인이 비교 기준을 어디에 두느냐에 따라 다르게 나타났으며, 상향 비교 시에는 불안과 좌절감을, 하향 비교 시에는 상대적 안도감을 경험하였다. 본 연구 결과는 사회적 안녕감을 증진하기 위한 기초 자료로 활용될 수 있다는 점에서 중요한 시사점을 가진다. 특히, 본 연구 결과에 따르면 사회적 연결감을 자주 경험하지 못하는 경향이 나타났다. 사회적 연결감이 온 국민이 하나됨을 느끼는 특별한 사건이나 선거와 같은 국민 권리 행사에만 국한되지 않고, 일상적인 경험으로 자리 잡을 수 있도록 심리․사회․문화적 개입이 필요하다. 또한, 본 연구는 한국인으로서의 사회정체성을 경험하는 사회문화적 맥락을 파악하고, 세대별로 주요 사회정체성이 어떻게 다르게 나타나는지를 확인함으로써 세대별 정체성 강화 방안의 필요성을 강조한다. 마지막으로, SNS의 발달로 인해 상향 사회비교가 만연한 한국 사회에서, 균형 잡힌 사회 인식을 유지하고 사회적 안녕감을 증진하기 위해 하향 비교의 긍정적 역할을 고려할 필요가 있음을 시사한다.

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to investigate the sociocultural context and condition of social connectedness, social identity and social comparison criteria that affect social well-being. Additionally, it examined qualitatively how people's social well-being is affected by the social comparison standards of the Korean society. For this, the FGI methodology was utilized. Adults in their 20s to 60s made up five age-based focus groups, each with seven participants, for a total of 35 people. Afterward, the data were coded by themes, and thematic analysis was conducted to identify patterns and draw conclusions. The following are the primary conclusions: First, social connection was experienced through things like other people's unwavering kindness, events evoking national solidarity, social security programs, and the exercise of civic rights like voting. Second, people's primary social identities in daily life are divided into three dimensions: material self, social self, and psychological self, while social identity as a Korean is reinforced by international contexts. In particular, the sociocultural contexts of experiencing the Korean identity were identified as differentiating themselves from other foreigners in the international community, feeling like an outsider in a strange setting, and feeling more engaged by national prestige events and sporting events. Third, perceptions of the Korean society through social comparison varied depending on the standard of comparison. Upward comparisons caused feelings of tension and frustration, while downward comparisons offered some relative comfort. The study's findings have important ramifications since they can serve as a basis for advancing social well-being. The study specifically showed a tendency for less frequent experiences of social connectedness. Thus, it implies that in order to make this connectedness a regular occurrence rather than a phenomenon reserved for special occasions, psychosocial and cultural interventions are required. Furthermore, by highlighting the sociocultural contexts in which Korean identity is experienced and the ways in which important social identities vary across generations, this study highlights the necessity of tailored methods for each generation to reinforce Korean identity. Last but not least, the study highlights the significance of taking into account the beneficial role of downward comparison in preserving balanced social views and fostering social well-being in Korean culture, where upward social comparison is common due to the development of SNS.

참고문헌 (100)

  1. 권석만, "자기개념의 인지적 구조와 측정도구의 개발 : 서울대학생 표집의 자기개념 특성", 서울대학교 학생연구, 31(1), pp.11~38 (1996)
  2. 김은아, "마을만들기 참여가 사회적 안녕감에 미치는 영향에 관한 연구", 박사, pp.2016
  3. 박경순, "사회적 연결감과 우울의 관계 : 도시노인과 농촌노인의비교", 한국콘텐츠학회논문지, 20(2), pp.667~677 (2020)[DOI]
  4. 서경현, "대학생의 생활 스트레스와 사회비교 및 주관적 웰빙 간의 관계", 한국심리학회지 : 건강, 15(2), pp.327~343 (2010)[DOI]
  5. 송소현, "대학생의 통제감, 사회비교추구성향 및 자기효능감이건강행위에 미치는 영향", 한국임상간호학회지, 23(1), pp.27~39 (2009)
  6. 이동수, "한국인의 정체성에 관한 연구" (2007), 삼성생명공익재단 사회정신건강연구소
  7. 이명진, "한국 2030 신세대의 의식과 사회 정체성" (2005), 삼성경제연구소
  8. 이수지, "임상경력 2년 미만 간호사의사회정체성 지각된 스트레스, 우울, 주관적 안녕감", 석사, pp.2021
  9. 이승민, "재문화충격과 주관적안녕감 간 관계에서 지지체계와 문화정체성의 조절효과", 한국심리학회지 : 문화 및사회문제, 21(1), pp.45~66 (2015)
  10. 이재열, "사회적 안녕감 개념의이론적 재구성", 보건과 사회과학, 44(1), pp.5~43 (2017)[DOI]
  11. 이종한, "한국인의 대인관계의 심리사회적 특성 : 집단주의적 성향과 개인주의적성향으로의 변화", 한국심리학회지 : 문화및 사회문제, 6(3), pp.201~219 (2000)
  12. 정태연, "한국사회의 집단주의적 성격에대한 역사․문화적 분석", 한국심리학회지 : 사회 및 성격, 24(3), pp.53~76 (2010)[DOI]
  13. "2023 한국의 사회지표" (2023), 통계청[URL]
  14. 한덕웅, "사회비교가 분노경험, 주관적 안녕 및 건강지각에 미치는 영향", 한국심리학회지 : 건강, 8(1), pp.85~112 (2003)
  15. 한덕웅, "사회비교 동기와 강요된 사회비교가 주관적 안녕과 건강지각에미치는 영향", 한국심리학회지 : 건강, 8(3), pp.619~644 (2003)
  16. Abrams, D., "Social Identification, Self-Categorization and Social Influence", European Review of Social Psychology, 1(1), pp.195~228 (1990)[DOI]
  17. Anheier, H. K., "Cultures, Values, and Identities : What Are the Issues?", Global Perspectives, 1(1), pp.11755~11762 (2020)[DOI]
  18. Arslan, G., "Meaningful living to promote complete mental health among university students in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic", International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 20, pp.930~942 (2020)[DOI]
  19. Aspinwall, L. G., "Effects of social comparison direction, threat, and self-esteem on affect, self-evaluation, and expected success", Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 64(5), pp.708~722 (1993)[DOI]
  20. Berkman, L. F., "From social integration to health : Durkheim in the new millennium", Social Science & Medicine, 51(6), pp.843~857 (2000)[DOI]
  21. Bowe, M., "A social cure in the community : A mixed-method exploration of the role of social identity in the experiences and well-being of community volunteers", European Journal of Social Psychology, 50(7), pp.1523~1539 (2020)[DOI]
  22. Buunk, A. P., "Social Comparison : The End of a Theory and the Emergence of a Field", Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 102(1), pp.3~21 (2007)[DOI]
  23. Branscombe, N. R., "Perceiving pervasive discrimination among African Americans : Implications for group identification and well-being", Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 77(1), pp.135~149 (1999)[DOI]
  24. Brassai, L., "Individual and parental factors related to meaning in life among Hungarian minority adolescents from Romania", International Journal of Psychology, 48(3), pp.308~315 (2013)[DOI]
  25. Brodsky, A. E., "PSOC in community context : Multi-level correlates of a measure of psychological sense of community in low-income, urban neighborhoods", Journal of Community Psychology, 27(6), pp.659~679 (1999)[DOI]
  26. Buunk, B. P., "Health, coping, and well-being : Perspectives from social comparison theory" (1997), Erlbaum
  27. Carlson Jones, D., "Body Image Among Adolescent Girls and Boys : A Longitudinal Study", Developmental Psychology, 40(5), pp.823~835 (2004)[DOI]
  28. Chan, K., "Materialism and social comparison among adolescents", Social Behavior and Personality : An International Journal, 35(2), pp.213~228 (2007)[DOI]
  29. Cicognani, E., "Social participation, sense of community and social well being : A study on American, Italian and Iranian university students", Social Indicators Research, 89, pp.97~112 (2008)[DOI]
  30. Clay, D., "Body image and self-esteem among adolescent girls : Testing the influence of sociocultural factors", Journal of Research on Adolescence, 15(4), pp.451~477 (2005)[DOI]
  31. Cohen, S., "Social Relationships and Health", American Psychologist, 59(8), pp.676~684 (2004)[DOI]
  32. Cohen, S., "Social support and health" (1985), Academic Press
  33. Cruwys, T., "Social identity reduces depression by fostering positive attributions", Social Psychological and Personality Science, 6(1), pp.65~74 (2015)[DOI]
  34. Davidson, W. B., "The relationship between sense of community and subjective well-being : A first look", Journal of Community Psychology, 19(3), pp.246~253 (1991)[DOI]
  35. "Are technology and globalization destined to drive up inequality?" (2016)[URL]
  36. Diener, E., "Subjective well-being", Psychological Bulletin, 95(3), pp.542~575 (1984)[DOI]
  37. Diener, E., "Subjective well-being : Three decades of progress", Psychological Bulletin, 125(2), pp.276~302 (1999)[DOI]
  38. Eisenberg, M. E., "Suicidality among gay, lesbian and bisexual youth : The role of protective factors", Journal of Adolescent Health, 39(5), pp.662~668 (2006)[DOI]
  39. Ellemers, N., "Self-categorisation, Commitment to the Group and Group Self-esteem as Related but Distinct Aspects of Social Identity", European Journal of Social Psychology, 29(2-3), pp.371~389 (1999)[DOI]
  40. Feinstein, B. A., "Negative social comparison on Facebook and depressive symptoms : Rumination as a mechanism", Psychology of Popular Media Culture, 2(3), pp.161~170 (2013)[DOI]
  41. Festinger, L., "A theory of social comparison processes", Human relations, 7(2), pp.117~140 (1954)[DOI]
  42. Genç, E., "Optimism and dispositional hope to promote college students’ subjective well-being in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic", Journal of Positive School Psychology, 5(2), pp.87~96 (2021)[DOI]
  43. Gilleard, C., "Old age as a new class or an outdated social category? Objective and symbolic representations of later life", Ageing and Society, 42(7), pp.1499~1512 (2022)[DOI]
  44. Giorgi, A., "현상학과 심리학 연구" (2004), 현문사
  45. Goffman, E., "The neglected situation", American anthropologist, 66(6), pp.133~136 (1964)
  46. Gray, D., "How can ‘we’ help? Exploring the role of shared social identity in the experiences and benefits of volunteering", Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology, 30(4), pp.341~353 (2020)[DOI]
  47. Haferkamp, N., "Social comparison 2.0: Examining the effects of online profiles on social-networking sites", Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 14(5), pp.309~314 (2011)[DOI]
  48. Haslam, S. A., "Social identity, health and well-being : An emerging agenda for applied psychology", Applied Psychology, 58(1), pp.1~23 (2009)[DOI]
  49. Haslam, S. A., "Social cure, what social cure? The propensity to underestimate the importance of social factors for health", Social Science & Medicine, 198, pp.14~21 (2018)[DOI]
  50. Haslam, S. A., "Stressing the group : social identity and the unfolding dynamics of responses to stress", Journal of Applied Psychology, 91(5), pp.1037~1052 (2006)[DOI]
  51. Holt-Lunstad, J., "Social relationships and mortality risk: a meta-analytic review", PLoS medicine, 7(7), pp.e1000316~ (2010)[DOI]
  52. Hopkins, N., "Explaining effervescence : Investigating the relationship between shared social identity and positive experience in crowds", Cognition and Emotion, 30(1), pp.20~32 (2016)[DOI]
  53. House, J. S., "Social Relationships and Health", Science, 241(4865), pp.540~545 (1988)[DOI]
  54. Humphrey, A., "Buffering the fear of COVID-19 : Social connectedness mediates the relationship between fear of COVID-19 and psychological wellbeing", Behavioral Sciences, 12(3), pp.86~93 (2022)[DOI]
  55. Irons, C., "Evolved mechanisms in adolescent anxiety and depression symptoms : The role of the attachment and social rank systems", Journal of Adolescence, 28(3), pp.325~341 (2005)[DOI]
  56. James, W., "The principles of psychology(Vol. 1 & 2)" (1890), Henry Holt and Company
  57. Jang, H., "Why students become more engaged or more disengaged during the semester : A self-determination theory dual-process model", Learning and Instruction, 43, pp.27~38 (2016)[DOI]
  58. Jetten, J., "How groups affect our health and well-being : The path from theory to policy", Social Issues and Policy Review, 8(1), pp.103~130 (2014)[DOI]
  59. Jones, M. H., "Social status and wanting popularity : different relationships with academic motivation and achievement", Social Psychology of Education, 24, pp.1281~1303 (2021)[DOI]
  60. Joshanloo, M., "Examining the factor structure of the keye’s comprehensive scale of well-being", Journal of Developmental Psychology, 3(9), pp.35~51 (2006)
  61. Kalpidou, M., "The relationship between Facebook and the well-being of undergraduate college students", CyberPsychology, behavior, and social networking, 14(4), pp.183~189 (2011)[DOI]
  62. Kaminski, J. W., "The relative influence of different domains of social connectedness on self-directed violence in adolescence", Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 39, pp.460~473 (2010)[DOI]
  63. Kang, W. C., "Envy and Pride : How Economic Inequality Deepens Happiness Inequality in South Korea", Social Indicators Research, 150(2), pp.617~637 (2020)[DOI]
  64. Keyes, C. L. M., "Social well-being", Social Psychology Quarterly, pp.121~140 (1998)[DOI]
  65. Keyes, C, L. M. ., "Are changes in positive mental health associated with increased likelihood of depression over a two year period? A test of the mental health promotion and protection hypotheses", Journal of Affective Disorders, 270, pp.136~142 (2020)[DOI]
  66. Kiuru, N., "Associations between adolescents’ interpersonal relationships, school well-being, and academic achievement during educational transitions", Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 49(5), pp.1057~1072 (2020)[DOI]
  67. Lee, R. M., "Measuring belongingness : The Social Connectedness and the Social Assurance scales", Journal of Counseling Psychology, 42(2), pp.232~241 (1995)[DOI]
  68. "Journal of Counseling Psychology", 1998, 338~345, 10.1037[DOI]
  69. Lincoln, Y. S., "Effective Evaluation" (1985), Jossey-Bass Publication
  70. Lindeman, M., "Ingroup bias, selfenhancement and group identification", European Journal of Social Psychology, 27(3), pp.337~355 (1997)[DOI]
  71. Link, B. G., "Conceptualizing stigma", Annual review of Sociology, 27(1), pp.363~385 (2001)[DOI]
  72. Magu S., "Reconceptualizing Cultural Globalization : Connecting the"Cultural Global"and the"Cultural Local"", Social Sciences, 4(3), pp.630~645 (2015)[DOI]
  73. Malone, G. P., "The General Belongingness Scale(GBS) : assessing achieved belongingness", Personality and Individual Differences, 52(3), pp.311~316 (2012)[DOI]
  74. Melita, D., "Economic inequality increases status anxiety through perceived contextual competitiveness", Frontiers in Psychology, 12, pp.637365~ (2021)[DOI]
  75. Miles, Matthew B., "Qualitative data analysis" (1994), Sage
  76. Nesi, J., "Using social media for social comparison and feedbackseeking : Gender and popularity moderate associations with depressive symptoms", Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 43, pp.1427~1438 (2015)[DOI]
  77. "Better Life Index" (2023)[URL]
  78. O’Rourke, H. M., "Definition, Determinants, and Outcomes of Social Connectedness for Older Adults : A Scoping Review", Journal of Gerontological Nursing, 43(7), pp.43~52 (2017)[DOI]
  79. Oyanedel, J. C., "Social belonginess and wellbeing: a review of constructs and evidence as introduction to the special Frontiers in Psychology Social Psychology issue", Front Psychology (2020)[DOI]
  80. Postmes, T., "Influence of long-term racial environmental composition on subjective well-being in African Americans", Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 83(3), pp.735~751 (2002)[DOI]
  81. Pretty, G. M., "Sense of community and its relevance to adolescents of all ages", Journal of Community Psychology, 24(4), pp.365~379 (1996)[DOI]
  82. Putnam, R. D., "Bowling Alone : The Collapse and Revival of American Community" (2000), Simon & Schuster
  83. Rathbone, C. J., "Self-centered memories : The reminiscence bump and the self", Memory & Cognition, 36(8), pp.1403~1414 (2008)[DOI]
  84. Rosenthal, D. A., "The health and wellbeing of international students at an Australian university", Higher Education, 55, pp.51~67 (2008)[DOI]
  85. Ruggieri, S., "The role of online social comparison as a protective factor for psychological wellbeing : A longitudinal study during the COVID-19 quarantine", Personality and Individual Differences, 171, pp.110486~ (2021)[DOI]
  86. Ryff, C. D., "Happiness is everything, or is it? Explorations on the meaning of psychological well-being", Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57(6), pp.1069~1081 (1989)[DOI]
  87. Ryff, C. D., "Know thyself and become what you are : A eudaimonic approach to psychological well-being", Journal of Happiness Studies, 9(1), pp.13~39 (2008)[DOI]
  88. Sani, F., "Greater number of group identifications is associated with healthier behaviour : Evidence from a Scottish community sample", British Journal of Health Psychology, 20(3), pp.466~481 (2015)[DOI]
  89. Smolak, L., "The relationship of drive for muscularity to sociocultural factors, self-esteem, physical attributes gender role, and social comparison in middle school boys", Body image, 3(2), pp.121~129 (2006)[DOI]
  90. Stanley, I. H., "Perceptions of belongingness and social support attenuate PTSD symptom severity among firefighters : A multistudy investigation", Psychological Services, 16(4), pp.543~555 (2019)[DOI]
  91. Steers, M. L. N., "Seeing everyone else’s highlight reels : How Facebook usage is linked to depressive symptoms", Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 33(8), pp.701~731 (2014)[DOI]
  92. Suls, J., "Social comparison : why, with whom, and with what Effect?", Current Directions in Psychological Science, 11(5), pp.159~163 (2002)[DOI]
  93. Tajfel, H. E., "Experiments in intergroup discrimination", Scientific American, 223(5), pp.96~103 (1970)
  94. Tajfel, H., "The social psychology of inter-group relations", pp.33~47 (1979), Oxford University Press
  95. Teepe, G. W., "Increasing digitalization is associated with anxiety and depression: A Google Ngram analysis", PLOS ONE, 18(4), pp.e0284091~ (2023)[DOI]
  96. Vogel, E. A., "Who compares and despairs? The effect of social comparison orientation on social media use and its outcomes", Personality and Individual Differences, 86, pp.249~256 (2015)[DOI]
  97. White, K., "Culture and social comparison seeking : The role of self-motives", Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 31(2), pp.232~242 (2005)[DOI]
  98. Wills, T. A., "Downward comparison principles in social psychology", Psychological Bulletin, 90(2), pp.245~271 (1981)[DOI]
  99. Wood, J. V., "Strategies of social comparison among people with low self-esteem : Self-protection and selfenhancement", Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67(4), pp.713~731 (1994)[DOI]
  100. Yuen, E. Y., "Caregiver and care recipient health literacy, social support and connectedness on caregiver psychological morbidity : A cross-sectional dyad survey", Psycho-Oncology, 32(8), pp.1257~1267 (2023)[DOI]

관련 논문AI추천

사회적 연결감, 사회정체성 그리고 사회비교가 사회적 안녕감에 미치는 영향서예지, 안정민, 정태연한국사회및성격심리학회 · 한국심리학회지: 사회및성격2024 · 제38권 제4호한국인들이 경험하는 외로움(loneliness)에 대한 질적 연구고세인, 김수림, 서영석, 안수정한국상담심리학회 · 한국심리학회지: 상담 및 심리치료2023 · 제35권 제1호사회비교와 행복의 관계에서 문화적 자기관의 역할한민, 김경미, 류승아한국문화및사회문제심리학회 · 한국심리학회지: 문화 및 사회문제2013 · 제19권 제4호한국문화에서 주관안녕에 영향을 미치는 사회심리 요인들한덕웅한국문화및사회문제심리학회 · 한국심리학회지: 문화 및 사회문제2006 · 제12권 제1호사회비교와 주관안녕：문화 비교 연구장은영한국사회및성격심리학회 · 한국심리학회지: 사회및성격2009 · 제23권 제2호한국인 대학생의 민족정체성이 주관적 안녕감 및 자아존중감에 미치는 영향서한나, 안현의한국상담학회 · 상담학연구2010 · 제11권 제3호

이 간행물의 다른 논문 (8건)

한국형 심리부검 매뉴얼(K-PAM; Korea-Psychological Autopsy Manual) 개발과 타당화 연구서종한, 박소향, 김경일, 육성필, 서동기pp. 407-453팬데믹 상황에서 대학생의 음주에 영향을 미치는 요인에 대한 생태순간평가연구황새연, 권호인pp. 455-476한국 성인의 사별 유형에 따른 경험과 지속비애이동훈, 김성현, 박효은pp. 477-505발달장애자녀 어머니의 외상후성장 과정: 자서전 주제 분석이다예, 김은지, 윤가영, 김보람pp. 507-540부적응적 완벽주의와 불완전감이 저장행동에 미치는 영향: 정서인식 명확성의 조절된 매개효과이민규, 김동진pp. 573-592
원문 보기