기업가의 창업위치선택과 클러스터의 성장동력:바이오벤처의 창업을 중심으로
Location Decisions of Startups and Dynamics of Cluster Growth
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본 논문은 벤처기업가의 창업위치결정에 대한 분석을 통해 기업집적의 전략적 도구로 인정되는 클러스터의 성장 동력을 체계적으로 분석했다. 한 기업가의 창업위치 결정은 ‘전략적 사안’으로서, 다음의 세 가지 동력의 상호작용에 의해 작동함을 도출하였다. 그 세 가지 동력은 창업위치에 본질적으로 담겨진 효용과 비용의 편차, 신규 진입기업의 연구개발 역량, 클러스터에 이미 진입해 있는 기존기업의 연구개발 역량 등이다. 본 논문은 신생기업의 입장이 클러스터에 진입하는 것에 존재하는 긍정적인 면과 부정적인 면을 제안하면서 연구가설을 도출하였다. 그 긍정적인 면은 기존기업의 지식 스필오버에 의한 지식학습 효과이며, 부정적인 면은 지식뺏김 효과이다. 이 양 측면에 대한 전략적 결정에 의해 창업위치가 결정되고, 거시적으로는 클러스터의 성장 여부가 결정됨을 가설로 설정했다. 한국 바이오 벤처기업 710개를 실증대상으로 선정해서, 앞서 설정한 논리에서 도출된 연구가설들을 검증하였다. 실증분석에서 발견은, 조직유산과 클러스터의 경쟁상황에 의해 비용과 효과가 달라진다는 점, 그리고 클러스터에서 작동하는 협력규범의 존재 등에 의해 신생기업이 클러스터에서 창업하게 됨을 발견하였다. 결론적으로 신생기업에게 전달되는 지식 스필오버 효과가 클 때 기업집적 효과가 증가하며, 클러스터가 성장하게 됨을 확인하였다.
Abstract
This paper examines the motives for location decisions of startups and dynamics of cluster growth. Because the location decision is intrinsically strategic choice by entrepreneurs, it is an interplay of three critical forces; cost-benefit of the choice, R&D ability of new entrants, and R&D capability of incumbents in clusters. The effect of knowledge spillovers influences the cluster growth like a double-edge sword; both a positive effect of technology learning and a negative effect of knowledge de-learning. Using data on 710 bio-tech venture firms in Korea, this paper tests the hypotheses about the factors influencing the growth of the cluster. The empirical analyses suggested that early entrepreneurial activity in the clustered regions were important, however other factors such as the organizational legacy, internal dynamics inside a cluster, and the existence of cooperation norm in the cluster, affected long term viability of the cluster.
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