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지식확산과 집적경제를 고려한 기업의 기술협력파트너 위치선정 행태

Does Geography Matter in Technological Partner Selection?

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주제분류기술정책

초록

본 연구는 기업의 핵심 기술전략 중 하나인 기술협력과 관련하여 기업들이 어디에 위치한 기술협력파트너를 더 선호하는지에 대하여 알아본다. 가까운 거리일수록 지식의 전달이나 확산이 효과적이라는 점에서 근접한 파트너가 유리할 수 있지만, 새롭고 다양한지식의 확보가 기술협력의 목적이라면 원거리 파트너의 장점 역시 간과할 수 없다. 또한, 기업들이 많이 모여있는 집적지에서 발생하는 외부경제 및 불경제 현상 역시 고려할 필요가 있다. 따라서 이번 연구에서는 두 협력파트너가 서로 가까이 위치하는가와 각각 얼마나 많은기업이 밀집한 곳에 위치하는가를 통해 지리적 특징이 기업의 파트너 선택에 어떠한 영향을미치는지 살펴보았다. 2008년도 기술혁신조사를 이용한 실증분석 결과를 요약하면, 기업은 기술협력파트너를 선택하는 데에 있어서 파트너의 지리적 근접성을 매우 중요하게 생각한다. 효과적인 의사소통이 가능하고, 정보비대칭성을 줄이며, 협력관계 중에도 꾸준한 모니터링이 용이하기 때문이다. 하지만, 파트너가 집적지에 위치한다는 것은 파트너 선택에 별다른 영향을 주지 못한다. 반면, 자신이 집적지에 위치해있다는 것은 중요한 요소로 여기는데, 관련산업의 집적지에 위치할 경우 파트너를 가까운 곳에서 찾으려는 경향이 있지만, 비관련산업이 많은 곳에 위치했을 경우 파트너를 외부에서 찾으려는 경향을 보인다. 관련산업 집적지 내의 파트너에게서 자신에게 유용한 혁신 정보를 얻을 수 있는 반면, 비관련산업의 집적지는 혼잡비용, 의도치않은 지식유출, 기술적 구속 등의 단점에 대한 우려가 더 큰 것으로 보인다. 이러한 특성은 경쟁사, 공급자, 수요자, 대학, 정부연구소 등 파트너의 종류에 관계없이 상당부분 일정하게 나타나며, 다만 정부연구소와의 협력의 경우에만 지리적 근접성의 효과가 약화된다. 본 연구는 기업의 혁신 행태를 분석하는 데에 여러 시사점을 제시한다. 우선, 기업은 효과적인 지식확산을 위해 근접한 파트너를 선택하지만, 자신이 비관련 산업 집적지에 위치한 경우 외부의 파트너를 적극적으로 선택하려는 행태를 보인다. 가까운 파트너와 관련 기술을 집중적으로 연구하려는 유인과 외부의 파트너에게서 새로운 아이디어를 얻으려는 유인이 종합적으로 작용하고 있음을 유추할 수 있다. 이에 따라 정책 방향 역시, 산업클러스터 내에서 비슷한 기술을 가진 기업들끼리의 협력을 유도하는 한편, 클러스터-클러스터 간 혹은 다양한지역 간에 여러 기술을 전파하고 공유할 수 있는 기회를 제공할 필요가 있다.

Abstract

This paper investigates what kind of technological partner firms want to cooperate with in terms of partner location. Two geographical factors are considered. One is geographical proximity, given the tradeoff between the effectiveness of knowledge spillovers in proximity and diverse knowledge absorption from geographically distant partners. The other is how many other firms are co-located with potential partners because it is known that clustering regions can create more technological outputs. Analysis on 2008 Korea Innovation Survey data finds that partner proximity is the single most important factor in choosing a cooperation partner. While firms that are located in a region crowded with related industries prefer proximate partners, others that are surrounded by unrelated industries are more likely to cooperate with distant partners. The findings suggest that geographical proximity matters in partner selection because it not only stimulates knowledge spillovers but also reduces costs involving R&D cooperation such as monitoring costs and information costs. Moreover, firms take into consideration both the benefits and risks of clustering regions. If there are so many unrelated firms that they create agglomeration diseconomies such as congestion costs and unintentional knowledge leakages, firms are more likely to try to find their cooperation partners in other regions.

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