인접성과 사회적 자본이 한국중소기업의 기술협력성과에 미치는 영향 :공동연구개발과제를 중심으로
The Effects of Proximity and Social Capital on R&D Collaboration of Korean SMEs
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초록
지금까지 지리적인 인접성이 기술혁신을 촉진할 것이라는 믿음 하에 많은 정책담당자들은 산업집적단지, 클러스터를 구축하고 지원하는데 집중해 왔다. 그런데 단순히 기술협력 대상과의 지리적인 인접성만으로 상호작용과 암묵적 지식의 교환이 활발해지고 기술협력이 촉진되는가에 대해서는 의문을 제기할 수 있다. 또한 사회적 자본이 인접성과 기술협력 성과 사이의 관계에 영향을 미칠 가능성이 있다. 그럼에도 불구하고 이와 관련된 국내의 연구들은 매우 부족하다. 이에 따라 본 연구에서는 기술적, 지리적, 제도적 차원에서의 인접성이 중소기업의 공동연구개발과제의 성과에 어떤 영향을 미치는지, 그리고, 중소기업의 사회적 자본에 따라서 그 관계가 어떻게 달라지는지 에 관한 실증연구 결과를 제시한다. 194개의 각 중소기업에 재직 중이면서 최근 3년 안에 공동연구개발과제에 참여한 경험이 있는 194명으로부터 받은 설문조사 응답 자료를 분석에 사용하였다. 분석 결과 공급사슬 내부 파트너(고객사, 공급사)와의 기술협력인 경우는 기술적 인접성이 클수록 과제성과에 긍정적이었으며 사회적 자본은 기술협력 성과에 긍정적 영향을 미쳤으나 지나치게 높으면 경우에는 오히려 부정적 영향을 미쳐서 역 U자형 관계가 있음이 밝혀졌다. 한편 공급사슬 외부 파트너(대학, 연구소 등)와의 기술협력인 경우에는 오히려 기술적 인접성이 낮을수록 과제성과에 긍정적이었는데 이는 기술지식의 보완성이 과제 성과에 중요함을 시사한다. 또한 파트너와의 제도적 인접성이 클수록 과제성과에 긍정적이었는데, 특히 사회적 자본의 수준이 높을수록 그 영향력이 더욱 증가하는 것으로 나타났다. 이는 제도적 인접성 즉, 공동연구개발을 통해 창출된 새로운 지식의 활용방식과 보상시스템의 상이함에서 오는 갈등관계를 어떻게 보완할 수 있느냐가 매우 중요한 이슈가 되며 또한 사회적 자본이 중요한 촉진수단이 될 수 있다는 것을 보여준다. 이상의 실증연구결과는 중소기업이 다른 유형의 파트너와 기술협력을 할 때에 다양한 차원의 인접성과 사회적 자본의 영향력이 과제성과에 다르게 영향을 미칠 수 있음을 보여준다. 중소기업의 기술협력 전략은 단순히 기술의 보완성이나 지리적 인접성 외에도 다양한 차원에서의 인접성 요인과 사회적 자본 요인을 종합적으로 검토할 필요가 있다.
Abstract
Geographically proximity guarantees neither an active interaction nor the sharing of knowledge between partners of R&D collaborations. There were few studies on uncovering the linkages among proximities, social capital and the performance of R&D collaborations especially in the context of Korean SMEs. This study investigate the effects of various dimensions of proximity and social capital on R&D collaboration by analyzing 194 joint R&D projects of Korean SMEs. Empirical results show that there are significant differences between the types of partners; As for the partner inside the supply chain, technological proximity appear to show a positive impact, while social capital exhibits inverted “U” shaped impact on project performance and social capital moderated positively the relationship between geographical proximity and project performance. On the contrary, technological proximity exhibits a significant negative impact and institutional proximity appears to be a major factor that gives strong positive impact on project performance in the case of partner outside of the supply chain, which suggests that it is important to maintain a high level of novelty in knowledge base from actors outside of the supply chain. Institutional proximity is another important factor which must be managed carefully. There might be a relatively high level of institutional differences for partners outside of the supply chain and it showed that social capital can boost the positive impacts of the institutional proximity on project performance. All of these results can give practical and policy implications on the strategy of R&D collaborations of Korean SMEs.
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