의과대학에서 논증 스캐폴드를 활용한 문제기반학습이 비판적 사고에 미치는 효과
The Effects of Problem-based Learning Using Argumentation Scaffolds on Critical Thinking Skills in Medical School
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본 연구는 논증 스캐폴드를 활용한 문제기반학습이 의과대학 학습자들의 비판적 사고기술개발에 어떠한 영향을 미치는지 살펴보았다. 또한 의대생의 비판적 사고기 술에 대한 보다 다각적인 통찰을 얻기 위해 논증 스캐폴드를 활용한 문제기반학습을 경험하지 않은 의과대학 1, 2, 3학년 학습자들의 학년별 비판적 사고기술에 어떤 차이가 있는지도 살펴보았다. 논증 스캐폴드로는 Toulmin의 논증 모델과 논증과정을 시각화하기 위한 개념도를 함께 활용하였다. 본 연구에는 한 사립 의과대학 1, 2, 3 학년 학생 각각 25, 27, 27명이 참여하였고 연구에 참여한 1, 2 ,3 학년 학생 모두 이전에는 문제기반학습에 참여한 적이 없었다. 논증 스캐폴드는 문제기반학습을 실시하기 전 오리엔테이션 시간에 논증 스캐폴드에 대한 안내와 예시로 3학년 학생들에게 제시되었다. 비판적 사고기술은 왓슨-글레이져의 비판적 사고측정도구를 활용하여 온라인으로 측정되었다. 3학년 학생들은 2회의 문제기반학습에 참여하 였고 문제기반학습을 실시하기 전 후로 같은 도구를 사용하여 두 번의 비판적 사고 측정에 참여하였다. 비판적 사고 측정값은 학년 간 차이분석을 위해서는 일원분산분 석을, 사전사후 차이분석을 위해서는 동일집단 t-검증을 실시하여 분석하였다. 연구 결과에 의하면 학년별로 비판적 사고기술에는 유의한 차이가 없었고 논증 스캐폴드를 활용한 문제기반학습 전후로는 유의한 차이가 있었다. 3학년의 사후 검사에서 비판적 사고기술이 유의하게 증가하였다. 비판적 사고기술 개발을 위해서는 지식전달에 초점을 둔 교수방법보다는 비판적 사고 활용이 요구되고, 촉진되는 교수전략이 요구되며, 논증 스캐폴드를 활용한 문제기반학습이 그 대안이 될 수 있는 것으로 판단된다.
Abstract
This study explored the effect of problem-based learning using argumentation scaffolds on critical thinking skills in medical students. In addition, it explored differences in critical thinking skills among the first, second and third-year medical students who had not experienced problem-based learning before in order to gain multilateral insight into the critical thinking ability of medical students. As argumentation scaffolds, Toulmin’s model of argument and concept maps were used together. This study occurred in one medical school with 25 first-year students, 27 second-year students, and 27 third-year students. Their critical thinking skills were measured online using Watson-Glaser critical thinking appraisal. The third-year students experienced problem-based learning using argumentation scaffolds twice and their critical thinking skills were measured twice before and after the problem-based learning. An ANOVA and an independent t-test were conducted to see the differences in critical thinking skills among the three groups(the pretest results for the third-year students) and between the pretest and posttest. According to the results, there were no significant differences in critical thinking skills among the three groups, but there were significant increases after the problem-based learning using the argumentation scaffolds. In order to develop critical thinking skills, teaching strategies to encourage, stimulate and facilitate acquisition of critical thinking skills rather than focusing on knowledge transmit are required and the problem-based leaning using argumentation scaffolds can be an option for that.
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