여군 전투 참여를 둘러싼 미국 사회의 논쟁과 정책 결정 과정 연구
A Study on American Social Discussion and Decision-Making Process on Women in Combat
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초록
이 글은 미국의 여군 전투 배제 정책 철폐 과정 연구를 통해 향후 여군 전투 참여 허용을 둘러싸고 한국 사회에서 발생할 수 있는 갈등을 방지 및 해결하기 위한 정책적 함의를 모색하는 것을 목적으로 한다. 1948년부터 내려온 미국의 여군 전투 배제 원칙은 1988년 위험 규칙과 1994년 직접전투 배제 정책을 거쳐 완화되었고 2013년 국방부 장관이 모든 전투 직위와 직무를 여군에게 개방하기로 결정한 이후 약 2년여의 검토 기간을 거쳐 2015년 최종적으로 완전히 폐지되었다. 이러한 정책의 변화과정에서 성 평등과 기회균등, 군의 준비태세 강화, 여론의 변화, 시설의 개보수 등이 중요한 논쟁점으로 부각되었다. 또한 정책 결정 과정에서 先 현장 後 정책 변화, 의회 주도, 다양한 내부 검토를 통한 의견 수렴이 특징으로 나타난다. 이글은 향후 한국이 여군의 전투 참여를 실행, 확대하는 과정에서 성 평등과 전투 효과성 모두를 만족시킬 수 있는 성-중립적 직무 기준을 수립하고, 여군 복무 경향, 시설과 사생활 보호, 모병 등에 대한 종합적 검토를 통해 정책 변화에 따른 시행착오를 최소화하고, 다양한 내부 검토와 의견 수렴의 과정을 통해 정책에 대한 순응성과 정당성을 확보하여야 한다고 주장한다.
Abstract
This study seeks to study the process of lifting the combat exclusion policy for women in the US and to find some insights on preventing or solving possible social conflicts in Korea with regards to allowing women in combat. The combat exclusion policy for women in the US, which started from the Women’s Armed Service Integration Act of 1948, had changed to the 1988 ‘Risk Rule’ and to the 1994 ‘Direct Combat Definition’. On January 24, 2013, Department of Defense rescinded the combat exclusion policy for women and finally on December 3, 2015 opened all combat jobs to women with no exceptions. Some key issues such as gender equality and equal opportunity, military readiness, public opinion and berthing and privacy has emerged and been discussed in the process of lifting the combat exclusion policy. This study highlights the features of the decision-making process in the US regards the lifting of combat exclusion policy such as: efforts to correct the disparity between the policy and the roles actually performed by women; the leading role of the US congress; and various internal review and the convergence of different ideas. The study finally suggests that the Korean government should develop proper gender-neutral occupational standards; conduct compressive studies on the possible effects of allowing women in combat; and enhance the legitimacy of and the conformity to the policy through internal reviews and discussions.
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