초기불교 승가의 가사에 대한 일고

Abstract

This paper aims at examining the clothing(Kasāya) that Buddhist monks and nuns wear. Clothing has multi-purposes of protecting and hiding the body from extreme heat or coldness or of representing the social status or positions of an individual. Also,clothing reveals the solidarity of a group or community and its identity. In this vein, sacerdotal robes that Buddhist monks put on are a symbol that represents Buddhism rather than a material thing used to protect their body. Vinaya pitaka describes details on clothing of Buddhist monks. There are more rules on clothing of Buddhist monks than those on food and housing. Nineteen chapters of clauses of Nissaggiya Pācittiya and seven chapters of Pācitti(ya)are on rules about clothing. And three chapters of Mahāvagga explain how Buddhist monks are to put on clothing. Clothing of Buddhist monks and nun are called Kasāya or paṃsukūlacīvara respectively. Basically, these clothes come from clothes thrown out in the cemetery and are washed clean for Buddhist monks to put on. There are three basic clothes called ticīvara for Buddhist monks and five clothes for nuns. Three basic clothes called ticīvara for Buddhist monks are saṅghāṭī, uttarāsaṅga and antaravāsaka and five clothes for nuns include udakasāṭikā and saṅkacchika in additions to three clothes of monks. The clothing of Buddhist monks and nuns has changed according to time and development and history of Buddhism. Buddha established exceptional rules on clothing materials including kaṣāya that is the most common material for monks so that monks can put on clothes made of various materials. However, this exceptional rules are applied to the situation that meets pre-condition that controls excessive desires to clothing. Despite this pre-condition, there were negative effects caused by this exceptional rules, and other rules on clothing of Buddhist monks and nuns were established. These rules include types of clothes, accessories to clothes and processing methods of clothes. Buddha emphasized control on desire for clothing. He taught that trainees of the twofold community do not discriminate the clothes that devotee offers but they must always be satisfied what they get. He taught trainees must possess minimum materials and are satisfied with what he gets. However, he also emphasized dignity and decorum so he established the exceptional case where monks and nuns could have extra clothes to prepare for the unexpected situation. Buddha also did not want trainees to suffer from economical reasons and to feel pressure from them. From his teaching, Buddhist trainees try to be satisfied with what they get from Buddhist devotees.