呑虛 宅成의 화엄사상

Abstract

This paper aims to examine the Huayan thought of Tanheo Taeksung(1913~1983), one of the representative Buddhist Seon Master in the modern Korea, by focusing embracement and development of Li Tongxuan’s Huayan thought. Seon Master Tanheo highly appraised and embraced Li Tongxuan’s Huayan thought which was regarded as a collateral thought by the mainstream Huayan school in East Asia. Definite reasons have not been clarified yet. For this reason, this study aims to examine Seon Master Tanheo’s perspective on the Huayanjing(華嚴經) and then the study further investigates how the main concepts of Li Tongxuan’s Huayan thought has been accepted and developed. This study intends to find out the reasons why Seon Master Tanheo valued the Huayanjing among many other Buddhist sūtra by examining his perspective on the Huayanjing. First, Tanheo did not accepted Li Tongxuan’s stance in terms of instructions and the theory of doctrinal classification. However, he solely expressed the magnificence of the Huayanjing in sūtra of single vehicle by embracing the overall truth of the doctrinal theory of the five periods. Subsequently, Seon Master Tanheo embraced Jiehuan(戒環)’s perspective on the Huayanjing as it is and Jiehuan accommodated Li Tongxuan’s three kinds of cause and effect, and the two kinds of permanent truth and developed them to the theory of three kinds of cause and effect, and the two kinds of permanent truth. The principal concepts of Tongxuan’s Huayan thought accommodated by Seon Master Tanheo are mainly examined in terms of the two aspects. The theoretical aspect of Tongxuan’s Huayan thought was integrated with the clear knowledge of universal illumination and one true dharmadhātu, and the practical aspect was integrated with the unification of the three sages and the way of single vehicle bodhisattva. The clear knowledge of universal illumination is the fundamental wisdom present in sentient beings and the Buddha. The one true dharmadhātu is the manifested state of Vairochana’s wisdom. This one true dharmadhātu is expressed in fully harmonized state of the three sages, which is that Mañjuśrī’s principle and Samantabhadra’s practice show perfect interpenetration between fundamental wisdom and distinctive wisdom of Vairocanabuddha. The way of single vehicle bodhisattva has been identified to be as the active participation of a person who has mastered the truth of one true dharmadhātu in altruism called instruction and deliverance of sentient beings. Therefore, the Huayan thought of Seon Master Tanheo could be understood as one of theories that has been independently developed by embracing the fundamental concepts of Tongxuan’s Huayan thought.