敦煌 莫高窟의 華嚴經變相圖에 대한 考察

Abstract

This paper examines popularity, composition and contents of the illustrated Avataṃsakasūtra paintings in the twenty nine caves among the Magao caves, Dunhuang. The Avataṃsakasūtra paintings in the Magao caves had been prospered in Tang(唐) dynasty(15 caves) and been still painted in the Five dynasties(五代)(8 caves) and until the Song dynasty(6 caves). Most of these paintings are located on the north wall(18 caves) and the cave ceiling(7 caves) but sometimes shown on the south wall(1 cave) and the anteroom(2 caves). These paintings in the twenty nine caves are all based on the 80-volume Avataṃsakasūtra(tr. 695-699) and there is no painting based on the 60-volume Avataṃsakasūtra(tr. 418-420). This seems to be because the 80-volume Avataṃsakasūtra were prosperous in Tang dynasty when many illustrated sūtras paintings including Avataṃsakasūtra paintings being drawn in Dunhuang. Considering that the date when the first Avataṃsakasūtra painting(Cave No. 44) was drawn is during High Tang(盛唐), it is possible that the “Illustration of the 7 locations” drawn by Fa-tsang(法藏) in 708 had an influence on these Avataṃsakasūtra paintings. Although the Avataṃsakasūtra paintings in the Magao caves reveal various changes in terms of detail, they are comprised of mainly the “Illustration of the 7 locations and 9 assemblies” and the "“Illustrations of Sudhana's pilgrimage for the dharma teacher.” The arrangements of the 7 locations 9 assemblies in the paintings are diverse in various caves. The “Illustrations of Sudhana's pilgrimage for the dharma teacher” are also shown within the “Illustrations of the 7 locations and 9 assemblies” or it is separately drawn or sometimes it is not shown. It can be said that these Avataṃsakasūtra paintings had considerable influence on China after Song dynasty, Korea and Japan. Specifically, the Avataṃsakasūtra portraits of Buddha for altar in the later Chosun dynasty, Korea show creative variations on the “Illustrations of the 7 locations and 9 assemblies.” They are, however, originated from the Avataṃsakasūtra paintings in the Magao caves, Dunhuang.