중국과 일본선종 공양 의례의 실제와 특징 이해 - 행호율의· 선원청규· 영평청규를 중심으로 -

Abstract

In Chinese Buddhism, the explanation of the alms-bowl offering ritual of the Vinaya school is organized according to the same precepts as those of the Vinayapiṭaka. However, it is complicated compared to the Zen school’s rules of purity (Qinggui, 淸規), which describes its ritual rules more clearly. However, in both the Vinaya and Zen schools, the importance of respect for seniors, accepting Indian Buddhist culture as a priority, worshipping the statues of the Buddha or eminent monks, chanting, keeping the alms-bowl, distributing food by means of (kappiyakā, 淨人), mind concentration, and control, are similarly applied. The rituals of Zen have been accepted by Vinaya and have spread to the Japanese Zen schools. The ritual of Japanese Zen is similar not only to Chinese Zen but also to the Vinaya school. However, Japanese Zen explains the steps and methods of the rules more specifically and tries to maintain consistency and unity. Also, Japanese Zen has less chanting than Chinese Zen. Furthermore, the similarity between the alms-bowl offering rituals of Chinese and Japanese Zen indicates that the Japanese Zen school adopted the ritual rules of Chinese Zen and the Vinaya school. Perhaps the history of the development of Chinese and Japanese Buddhism and its philosophy affected how the ritual developed. Most importantly, the main purpose of the ritual is to cultivate a thankful mind for food, remove gluttony, and manage life smoothly so monks can reach their aim of becoming a bhikku.