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지역사회획득 폐렴에서의 항생제 내성 및 최신 치료

Antibiotic Resistance and Treatment Update of Community-Acquired Pneumonia

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주제분류내과학

초록

지역사회획득 폐렴의 흔한 원인균은 S. pneumoniae, M. pneumoniae, H. influenzae 등이다. S. pneumoniae의 penicillin에 대한 항생제 내성은 중요한 사안으로 여겨졌으나 penicillin계 약물의 사용이 임상적 실패를 가져오지 않는 자료들과 항생제 약력학/약동학 지식을 적용하여 2008년 1월 내성판정 기준의 변경하였고 이로 인해 새 기준을 적용하는 경우 뇌수막균의 원인이 아닌 S. pneumoniae는 전세계적으로 낮은 내성률을 보이게 되었다. S. pneumoniae에 대해서는 penicillin계 약물도 사용가능 할 것으로 생각되지만 3세대 cephalosporin 사용이 익숙한 임상의들에게 그 사용이 활성화 되어있지는 않다. S. pneumoniae의 macrolide 내성은 국내에서 매우 흔하고 고도내성을 나타내므로 임상적 실패가 우려되고 국내 가이드라인은 이를 고려하여 경험적 치료로 macrolide를 단독으로 사용하는 것을 배제하고 있으며 이는 합리적이다. 그러나 macrolide 내성의 임상적 의미에 대한 자료가 더 있기를 기대한다. S. pneumoniae의 quinolone 내성은 아직 낮고 가이드라인에서 외래에서의 1차적 치료에 사용할 수 있다고 기록하고 있다. 그러나 사용과 함께 내성의 증가가 우려되고 1차적 치료 시 국내에서는 결핵의 가능성에 대한 관심을 두고 이를 고려하여 선택을 결정하는 것이 필요하다. Mycoplasma의 macrolide 항생제 내성은 그 보고가 증가하고 있으나 국내 자료는 찾아보기 어렵고 임상적으로 치료기간을 길게 하여야 했던 보고가 있으나 더 자료가 필요하다. H. influenzae의 β-lactam 항생제 내성은 β-lactamase를 생산함으로 나타내며 국내에서도 ampicillin, cefaclor 등에 반 정도에서 내성을 보여 이 균이 원인균인 경우 β-lactamase 저해제를 붙인 amoxicillin/clavulanate, 좀 더 안정정인 cefotaxime, ceftriaxone 등의 사용이 적절함을 보여준다. 그람음성균에 의한 지역사회획득 폐렴에서 항생제 내성의 임상적 의미는 잘 연구된 바가 없으나 그람음성균의 내성이 증가하고 있어 향후 우려의 대상이 될 수 있을 것이다. 지역사회획득 폐렴의 내성 문제는 다른 감염질환의 내성문제와 동일하게 효과적인 항생제치료, 예방접종, 적절한 병원감염관리, 적절한 정책과 보건시스템, ‘antibiotic stewardship’ 및 국민들의 항생제 올바로 쓰기에 대한 인식 증가 등의 다각적 접근이 필요하며 임상의는 치료뿐 아니라 이러한 부분에도 관심을 기울이는 것이 필요하다. 특히 폐알균 백신의 예방접종을 활성화하는 것이 절실히 필요하다. 이미 나와 있는 근거중심의학(국내 가이드라인 및 외국 가이드라인 등)적 권유는 내성문제, 향후 내성의 유도문제, 경제성 등을 고려하고 있으며, 가이드라인이 원인균 내성의 변화와 함께 개정될 것이다. 가이드라인을 따를 때 좋은 예후를 보이는 것은 잘 증명이 되어 있으므로 이의 적극적인 적용이 확산되는 것이 필요하다.

Abstract

The emergence of penicillin-resistant S. pneumoniae has issued in the management of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP). However, the clinical outcome did not match with penicillin resistance. Thus, recent (Jan/2008) change of penicillin breakpoints for nonmeningeal strain was done and this made prevalence of penicillin resistance under 5% worldwide. Macrolide resistance of S. pneumoniae in Korea is prevalent (70-80%). Thus, the Korean CAP guideline did not include macrolide monotherapy as empiric therapy. Fluoroquinolone resistance of pneumococcus is very low, however, concerning of the increase of resistance is present. Some new antibiotics for the multidrug resistant S. pneumoniae should be reserved for the future. Macrolide resistance of Mycoplasma pneumoniae is reported in various regions in the world, however, data of the clinical significance is rare. Increased β-lactamase production of Haemophilus influenzae urges us to use β-lactam/β-lactamase or 3rd generation cephalosporin if Haemophilus is pathogen. Pneumococcal vaccine usage is an effective way to prevent invasive diseases by S. pneumoniae (including resistant pathogen). The rate of pneumococcal vaccination in Korea is very low (0.8% in adult). Strategies to control resistance that include effective antimicrobial treatment, vaccination, infection control, appropriate policies and regulations,‘antibiotic stewardship’ and education of appropriate antibiotic use, are greatly in need. (Korean J Med 2011;81:690-698)

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