『논어 』에서 ‘리인(利仁)’과 ‘안인(安仁)’의 어울림 문제 - 왕부지의 관점을 중심으로 -

Abstract

Kong zi(孔子) considers the have not benevolence person as a being who cannot face poverty and joy for a long time. This is because the personality has not matured to have the patience to endure difficulties and the self-control not to be obscene. Kong zi thinks that the wise and the benevolence person can play the role of “profit benevolence(利仁)” and the “comfortable benevolence(安仁)”. Wang huzhi considers “profit benevolence”, the realm of the wise, and the “comfortable benevolence”, the realm of the benevolent, not as separate areas, but as a relationship of harmony that closely connects each other. In addition, he divides this “profit benevolence” and the “comfortable benevolence” into the part that can be performed at the stage of artificial effort and the area enjoyed in the “virtue of the heart(心德)” beyond it. In particular, he considers “profit benevolence” and the “comfortable benevolence” of the Analects(論語, 里仁) not the area of artificial study, but the stage of virtue of the heart that can be performed by adults. This point of view of Wang huzhi is significant in terms of moral combination of “profit benevolence” and the “comfortable benevolence”, but it can weaken the significance of artificial efforts who try to solve the problem of instrumental reason. This is because the values of “work for the righteousness of the people(務民之義)” as the core of his wisdom, which he considers to fall under the category of artificial effort, and “to win oneself and restore one's manners(克己復禮)”, “mainly practice respect and perform shu(主敬行恕)”, and “Do the hard work first and then get it later(先難後獲)” as the core of humanity are also not irrelevant to “virtue of the heart” at all. Virtue of the heart is not formed regardless of human will and effort, but is a product of value that is closely related to human constant effort. Nevertheless, Wang huzhi’s perspective on “profit benevolence” and the “comfortable benevolence” is significant in that it is not an exclusive competition or unilateral uniformity that excludes the other, but a relationship of harmony that recognizes and respects each other's differences and peacefully secures a common sense of belonging.