악법(惡法)을 주신 하나님? -에스겔서 20장 25-26절 연구
Did God give the Bad Laws to the Israelites? :A Study of Ezekiel 20:25-26
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이 논문은 에스겔서 20장 25-26절이 무엇을 말하는지, 특히 “선하지 못한 율례와 능히 지키지 못할 규례”가 의미하는 바가 무엇인지를 본문의 시대적 상황, 구조적 특징, 문학적 특징, 그리고 신학적 특징들을 살핌으로써 규명하는 데 목적을 두었다. 구약성서 에스겔서에서 가장 곤혹스런 본문이 바로 20장 25-26절이다. 25-26절은 하나님이 이스라엘에게 “선하지 못한 율례와 능히 지키지 못할 규례”, 즉 악법(惡法)을 주시고, 이스라엘로 하여금 그 악법을 지키게 함으로써 결국 이스라엘을 멸망케 하셨다는 것이다. 이것은 구약성서가 전체적으로 말하는 것을 부정하는 것으로 보여서 매우 충격적이다. 그래서 이 구절들은 수 세기 동안 성서 연구자들을 괴롭혀 왔다. 에스겔이 말하는 “선하지 못한 율례와 능히 지키지 못할 규례”는 인신희생제의를 가리키는 것이 분명하기 때문에, 고대 이스라엘 사회에서 실제로 행해진 인신희생제의, 특히 장자희생제의에 대해 에스겔이 신학적으로 고민했을 것이다. 주전 591년, 바벨론이 유다를 2차 침공해서 예루살렘을 함락하고 유다를 멸망시킬 참담한 사건이 불과 3,4년밖에 남지 않은 시대적 상황에서, 인간은 결코 하나님의 법을 지킬 수 없으며, 결국 그로 인한 비극적 결말을 피할 수 없다는 절망적인 인식이 에스겔로 하여금 당시 이스라엘 사람들이 야훼께 드리는 인신희생제의를 하나님이 주신 악법으로 간주하게 한 것으로 보인다.
Abstract
This paper aims at proving what Ezek 20:25-26 says, what “the laws that were not good and rules by which they could not live” is, through the study of that contemporary situation, structural, literal, and theological features of Ezek 20:25-26. According to the studies until now, it is very clear that “the laws that were not good and rules by which they could not live” is related to the human sacrifice rite. Therefore, this paper pays attention to that Ezekiel was theologically troubled about the human sacrifice rite that was practicing in Israel at that times. It is undeniable that the ancient Israelites had practiced the human sacrifice rite for Yahweh according to the divine laws. Before the 8 and 7 century B.C.E., human sacrifice rite had not been a serious problem in Israel. But under the dominion of the Assyrian Empire, Israelites frequently practiced the human sacrifice rite because of the religious syncretism, not only to the pagan gods, but also to Yahweh. Then, what is the reason that Ezekiel thought God gave the bad laws to the Israelites? The year of Ezek 20 was 591 B.C.E. when it was only four years before the invasion of Babylonians to Israel and the fall of Jerusalem. Ezekiel observed that the Israelites had committed crimes against the will of God through the whole national history and he realized that the Israelites had no capability to follow the divine laws and Israel had no way to escape from the tragic ending. The results will be the same regardless of not keeping the good laws or keeping the bad laws.
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