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말레이시아 우월정당체제 붕괴와 정체성 정치: 여론조사 분석을 중심으로

Fall of a Predominant Party System and Identity Politics: The Malaysian Case

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말레이시아에서는 1957년 독립 이후 줄곧 유지되어오던 국민전선(BN)을 중심으로 한 우월정당체제(predominant party system)가 최근 야당 연합의 총선승리로 인해 붕괴했다. 급변하는 말레이시아의 정치 동학에 관해 기존 연구는 정치엘리트들의 이합집산에 초점을 맞추면서도, 선거 결과를 통해 엿볼 수 있는 유권자들의 투표 성향 변화에 관한 경험적 분석에는 소홀했다. 이러한 한계를 극복하기 위해 본 연구는 2014년과 2022년에 실시된 여론조사 데이터의 다항 로지스틱 회귀분석 결과를 바탕으로 선거를 통한 기존 정당체제의 붕괴가 유권자들의 정치와 경제 전반에 대한 불만이 종족적 균열을 넘어 확산한 결과임을 지적한다. 즉, 야당 지지로 발현되는 BN에 대한 심판투표 성향이 고소득층을 중심으로 한 비말레이계 유권자뿐만 아니라 교육수준이 높은 말레이계 유권자에게도 자리 잡은 것이 체제변동에 결정적이었다. 그러나 이러한 종족연대적 투표 성향은 BN에 반감을 품은 말레이 유권자들에게만 소구할 수 있는 새로운정당연합의 등장으로 지속되지 않았다. 따라서 본 연구는 오랫동안 이어져 온말레이시아의 정체성 정치(identity politics)는 정치변동에도 불구하고 지속되고있음을 확인하였다.

Abstract

Why and how did the 61-year-old predominant party system in Malaysia collapse? This study attempts to answer the question by longitudinally examining the extent to which the opposition mobilizes the broader segments of the electorate rather than being confined to ethnic cleavages. Findings from a statistical analysis indicate that the creation of a united opposition coalition effectively mobilized voting against Malaysia’s previously predominant National Front (BN). In particular, a stronger tendency to vote for the opposition coalition was shared by relatively affluent non-Muslims and educated Malay Muslims. This inter-ethnic and cross-racial voter mobilization, however, did not last long since the formation of a third coalition led by parties whose support bases are exclusively Malays. This study thus also confirms that the country’s longstanding ‘identity politics’ has remained intact amid the rise of new political dynamics.

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