清康雍之际(1720-1723) 山西省特大旱灾及其赈济过程研究
A Study of the Extraordinary Drought and Relief Efforts in Shanxi Province during the Kangxi-Yongzheng Transition (1720–1723)
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中国山西省地处内陆高原山区, 是中国干旱灾害最为严重的省份之 一。清康熙五十九年至雍正元年, 包括山西在内的黄河中下游地区发 生严重旱灾, 是近500年来山西典型的特大干旱。面对“康乾盛世” 期间少见的极端天气, 社会系统的“脆弱性”明显地暴露出来: 由于山西水利工程不发达, 农业生产严重缺乏灌溉水源, 夏麦, 秋禾失收的 农田面积很大, 此次旱灾对山西的农业经济造成严重破坏, 形成清康熙时期最严重的大饥荒; 清朝在西北地区与准噶尔部的战争持续多年, 山西负责供应一部分军需钱粮, 加上以山西巡抚苏克济为代表的地方官员长期贪腐, 山西能用来赈济的常平仓储备粮食数量也不多。 清廷派出左都御史朱轼赴山西赈灾, 他运用多种手段筹集粮食, 包括 借助“晋商”的力量投入赈灾, 整顿赈灾官员的吏治, 基本稳定住了社会秩序, 体现出“经世致用”的实学才能和“民胞物与”的士大夫情怀。灾后从长远出发, 在朱轼的建议下, 山西当地建立起了包括水井灌溉, 泉水灌溉在内的水利工程, 逐渐形成了具有特色的“水利社会”, 农业借贷, 粮仓储备等保障性制度也得到了提升与强化, 山西地 方社会相比灾前更具防灾“韧性”。
Abstract
Shanxi Province, located in the inland highland mountainous region of China, is one of the provinces most severely affected by drought disasters. From 1720 to 1723, the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River (including Shanxi), experienced a catastrophic drought, recognized as one of Shanxi’s most severe droughts in the past 500 years. Confronted with this rare extreme weather event during the “Prosperous Era of Kangxi and Qianlong”, the “vulnerability” of the social system became starkly evident. Due to underdeveloped water conservancy infrastructure, agricultural production in Shanxi suffered from a severe shortage of irrigation water, leading to extensive crop failures of summer wheat and autumn grains. This drought inflicted devastating damage on Shanxi’s economy, culminating in the most severe famine of the Kangxi period. Concurrently, the protracted war between the Qing dynasty and the Dzungar tribe in the northwest required Shanxi to provide military supplies. Compounded by long-term corruption among local officials, exemplified by Governor Su Keji of Shanxi, the reserves in the official granaries available for disaster relief were critically insufficient. The Qing government dispatched Zhu Shi, the Left Censor-in-Chief, to relief Shanxi. Employing multifaceted strategies—including mobilizing Shanxi merchants (Jin merchants) for disaster aid and rectifying bureaucratic malpractice among relief officials—Zhu Shi stabilized social order. His efforts demonstrated both the practical statecraft pragmatism (jingshi zhiyong) and the Confucian ideal of universal compassion (minbao wuyu) characteristic of scholar-officials. In the aftermath, long-term measures were implemented under Zhu Shi’s recommendations. Shanxi established water conservancy projects, such as well irrigation and spring-water irrigation systems, gradually forming a distinctive “water conservancy society”. Additionally, protective institutions like agricultural credit systems and granary reserves were enhanced and strengthened. Consequently, post- disaster Shanxi society developed greater “resilience” against future calamities compared to the pre-drought era.