마그레브 해외이주자의 유럽 이주에 대한 경제적 분석 - 원인⋅경로⋅효과의 비교 -
A Comparative Economic Analysis on the Causes, Patterns and Effects of Maghreb Migrants to Europe
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This paper examines the causes, patterns, and effects of the migration of Maghreb(Algeria, Morocco, and Tunisia) migrants to Europe. The ratios of migrants to populations of these countries are 4.4, 8.7, and 5.9 per cent, respectively, which are much higher than the world average. Over 88 per cent of Maghreb migrants settle in Europe. The reasons why the people of these countries have high propensity to migrate are the low income and the high unemployment in their home countries. The reason why Europe has been a destination of Maghreb migrants are the geographical proximity and the colonial history. From the nineteenth century until independence, Algeria and Tunisia were under the French rule, and Morocco was colonized by France and Spain. Since the early 1990s Algerian emigration have levelled off while emigration from Morocco and Tunisia have remained high. Especially Moroccan emigration increased exponentially. Similarities in Maghreb emigration patterns can be explained by their geopolitical and socio-economic features and the fact that European states have applied the same immigration policies to all Maghreb countries. To understand the divergencies, a closer look at origin country factors is required. For example, Algerian government and Moroccan government have had the contrary policies to out-migrants. While the former discouraged emigration since 1970s, the latter have actively promoted emigration in the same period. Remittances to home countries are the most important and explicit economic contributions to their home countries by migrants. The remittances of Maghreb migrants amounted to 0.21, 6.88, and 2.29 billion dollars in 2013. To analyze the effects of remittances on the GDP, Granger causality test for the remittances and GDPs was conducted. It was found that only in Morocco remittances have the positive effect on the GDP. This result is due to the large volume of Moroccan migrants’ remittances. To confirm the other two test groups’ economic effects of remittances, micro-level surveys and analyses and anthropological observances are needed.
Abstract
This paper examines the causes, patterns, and effects of the migration of Maghreb(Algeria, Morocco, and Tunisia) migrants to Europe. The ratios of migrants to populations of these countries are 4.4, 8.7, and 5.9 per cent, respectively, which are much higher than the world average. Over 88 per cent of Maghreb migrants settle in Europe. The reasons why the people of these countries have high propensity to migrate are the low income and the high unemployment in their home countries. The reason why Europe has been a destination of Maghreb migrants are the geographical proximity and the colonial history. From the nineteenth century until independence, Algeria and Tunisia were under the French rule, and Morocco was colonized by France and Spain. Since the early 1990s Algerian emigration have levelled off while emigration from Morocco and Tunisia have remained high. Especially Moroccan emigration increased exponentially. Similarities in Maghreb emigration patterns can be explained by their geopolitical and socio-economic features and the fact that European states have applied the same immigration policies to all Maghreb countries. To understand the divergencies, a closer look at origin country factors is required. For example, Algerian government and Moroccan government have had the contrary policies to out-migrants. While the former discouraged emigration since 1970s, the latter have actively promoted emigration in the same period. Remittances to home countries are the most important and explicit economic contributions to their home countries by migrants. The remittances of Maghreb migrants amounted to 0.21, 6.88, and 2.29 billion dollars in 2013. To analyze the effects of remittances on the GDP, Granger causality test for the remittances and GDPs was conducted. It was found that only in Morocco remittances have the positive effect on the GDP. This result is due to the large volume of Moroccan migrants’ remittances. To confirm the other two test groups’ economic effects of remittances, micro-level surveys and analyses and anthropological observances are needed.
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